The variations in the chemical composition, and consequently, on the biological activity of the propolis, are associated with its type and geographic origin. Considering this fact, this study evaluated propolis extracts obtained by supercritical extraction (SCO2) and ethanolic extraction (EtOH), in eight samples of different types of propolis (red, green and brown), collected from different regions in Brazil. The content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), Artepillin C, p-coumaric acid and antimicrobial activity against two bacteria were determined for all extracts. For the EtOH extracts, the anti-proliferative activity regarding the cell lines of B16F10, were also evaluated. Amongst the samples evaluated, the red propolis from the Brazilian Northeast (states of Sergipe and Alagoas) showed the higher biological potential, as well as the larger content of antioxidant compounds. The best results were shown for the extracts obtained through the conventional extraction method (EtOH). However, the highest concentrations of Artepillin C and p-coumaric acid were identified in the extracts from SCO2, indicating a higher selectivity for the extraction of these compounds. It was verified that the composition and biological activity of the Brazilian propolis vary significantly, depending on the type of sample and geographical area of collection.

Propolis is a natural product with many demonstrated biological activities and propolis extract has been used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Different works have showed the variations in the chemical composition, and consequently, on the biological activity of the propolis that are associated with its type and geographic origin. Due to this study evaluated propolis extracts obtained through supercritical extraction and ethanolic extraction (conventional) in three samples of different types of propolis (red, green and brown), collected from different regions in Brazil (state of Bahia). Analyses were performed to determine the humidity, water activity, the content of total ash, proteins, lipids and fiber in raw propolis samples. The content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH), catechin, ferulic acid and luteolin and antimicrobial activity against two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) were determined for all extracts. For the green and red ethanolic extracts the anti-leishmanicidal potential was also evaluated. The physicochemical profiles showed agreement in relation to the literature. The results identified significant differences among the extracts (p>0.05), which are in conformity with their extraction method, as well as with type and botanical origin of the samples. The extraction with supercritical fluid was not efficient to obtain extracts with the highest contents of antioxidants compounds, when compared with the ethanolic extracts. The best results were shown for the extracts obtained through the conventional extraction method (ethanolic) indicating a higher selectivity for the extraction of antioxidants compounds. The red variety showed the largest biological potential, which included the content of antioxidants compounds. The results found in this study confirm the influence of the type of the raw material on the composition and characteristics of the extracts. The parameters analysis were important to characterize and evaluate the quality of the different Brazilian propolis extracts based on the increased use of propolis by the natural products industry.

Recebido em 11/9/09; aceito em 2/2/10; publicado na web em 18/6/10 CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTINEOPLASIC CHEMOTERAPEUTICAL DERIVATIVES FROM PLANTS. This review demonstrates the importance of plants as sources of molecules used in anticancer therapies. The approach is performed by relating the active molecules to their origins, details, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationship and chemical characteristics of chemotherapeutical medicines. It was also described the development of anticancer agents from plants by the pharmaceutical industry and the difficulties to release these compounds as a trademark. These include the well known paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, etoposide, teniposide, and other molecules that are undergoing clinical trials.Keywords: plant antineoplasics; chemotherapic; cancer. INTRODUÇÃOSubstâncias orgânicas originadas de fontes naturais há muito tempo são utilizadas no tratamento de inúmeras enfermidades no ser humano. Grande parte dos medicamentos encontrados no mercado é derivada direta ou indiretamente de vegetais, micro-organismos, organismos marinhos, vertebrados e invertebrados terrestres.1,2 Analisando os medicamentos disponibilizados no mercado entre 1981 e 2002, observa-se que 28% destes possuem princípios ativos isolados de produtos naturais ou semissintéticos, ao passo que 24% são sintéticos com grupos farmacofóricos baseados em estruturas de produtos naturais. Portanto, mais da metade dos novos medicamentos lançados no referido período são derivados de produtos naturais, mostrando que essa fonte é muito importante nos estudos de desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. 1,3 Os vegetais representam as maiores fontes de substâncias ativas que podem ser usadas na terapêutica, devido à grande diversidade estrutural de metabólitos produzidos e, talvez, a fonte mais antiga de medicamentos para o homem. Na busca de novos medicamentos originados de plantas são envolvidos diversos conhecimentos que vão desde aspectos agronômicos, botânicos, químicos, farmacológicos e toxicológicos. 4 Metodologias recentes cada vez mais modernas de isolamento e identificação de compostos de fontes naturais têm propiciado aumento no número de novas estruturas químicas bioativas para inúmeras indicações terapêuticas. Paralelo a esse progresso, desenvolveram-se métodos de screening biológicos automatizados (High Throughput Screening -HTS) que permitem testar in vitro milhares de substân-cias frente a alvos biológicos específicos em curto espaço de tempo.De acordo com Newman, 3 medicamentos derivados de produtos naturais são capazes de tratar 87% das enfermidades humanas categorizadas, incluindo as indicadas como antibacterianas, anticoagulantes, antiparasitárias, imunossupresoras e anticancerígenas. Esta última classe de medicamentos teve 1/3 do mercado em 2002 representado apenas por dois grupos de quimioterápicos derivados de produtos naturais, sendo que os taxanos e derivados da camptotecina representam cerca de U$ 3 bilhões de dólares. 2,5,6A busca por me...

The aim of this study was to determine the best processing conditions to extract Brazilian green propolis using a supercritical extraction technology. For this purpose, the influence of different parameters was evaluated such as S/F (solvent mass in relation to solute mass), percentage of co-solvent (1 and 2% ethanol), temperature (40 and 50°C) and pressure (250, 350 and 400 bar) using supercritical carbon dioxide. The Global Yield Isotherms (GYIs) were obtained through the evaluation of the yield, and the chemical composition of the extracts was also obtained in relation to the total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxicinnamic acid (Artepillin C) and acid 4-hydroxycinnamic (p-coumaric acid). The best results were identified at 50°C, 350 bar, 1% ethanol (co-solvent) and S/F of 110. These conditions, a content of 8.93±0.01 and 0.40±0.05 g/100 g of Artepillin C and p-coumaric acid, respectively, were identified indicating the efficiency of the extraction process. Despite of low yield of the process, the extracts obtained had high contents of relevant compounds, proving the viability of the process to obtain green propolis extracts with important biological applications due to the extracts composition.

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