The goal of the intensive care management of a neurosurgical patient is to preserve adequate cerebral perfusion, oxygenation and metabolism in order to prevent secondary neurological injury. In preventing secondary neurological insults interventions must be started early. For many years conventional methods of neuromonitoring have proved their efficacy. However, their sensitivity in detecting subtle metabolic derangements in the real time manner is low and the valuable time for the appropriate treatment is lost. In recent years, there are numerous study data suggesting that implying of advanced neuromonitoring techniques can improve outcomes. Moreover, it helps to guide goal-directed therapy. Although data on advanced neuromonitoring are preliminary and mostly observational, the number of modern neurosurgical centers applying it as a standard is high. With the increasing technical possibilities, the concept of multimodal neuromonitoring is of increasing popularity. Multimodal neuromonitoring allows continuous real time assessment of cerebral perfusion, oxygenation, metabolism and global function which makes it attractive and promising in clinical practice.
Raktažodžiai: apoptozė, anestetikai, smegenys, naujagimiai, CNS specifiniai žymenys. SantraukaPastaraisiais dešimtmečiais, atliekant mokslinius tyrimus su gyvūnų jaunikliais, nustatytas bendrinei anestezijai naudojamų preparatų neurotoksiš-kumas graužikams bei kitiems žinduoliams, tačiau analogišką poveikį naujagimiams įrodyti sudėtin-ga. Specifinių galvos smegenų ląstelių apoptozės biožymenų atsiradimas klinikinėje praktikoje būtų naudingas ir leistų įvertinti, ar bendriniai anestetikai sukelia neuronų apoptozę operuojamiems naujagimiams, užtikrintų tinkamą anestezijos taktiką, jos savalaikiškumą ir laiku suteiktą gydymą. ĮvadasDaugiau nei du dešimtmečius keliama inhaliacinių ir intraveninių anestetikų neurotoksiškumo problema besivystančioms smegenims. Tyrimuose su gyvūnais nustačius, jog anestetikai gali sukelti neuronų apoptozę smegenų vystymosi laikotarpiu, iškilo klausimas, ar anestetikai yra pakankamai saugūs pediatrinėje anestezijoje (38,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)20). Jeigu bendriniai anestetikai turi neigiamos įtakos naujagimių nervų sistemos vystymuisi, būtina nustatyti, kurie anestetikai ar jų kombinacijos kelia didžiausią riziką (17,18,20). Kita vertus, analgezija yra būtina, kadangi vystantis smegenims, skausmo stimulas gali lemti CNS pokyčius ir sutrikimus, kurie lemia didesnį jautrumą skausmui, hiperalgeziją ateityje (16). Negalima pamiršti, kad bendrinė anestezija suteikia galimybę išsaugoti naujagimio gyvybę, kuomet chirurginio gydymo atidėjimas sukelia didesnę riziką nei ta, kurią, spėjama, kad gali sukelti bendrinė anestezija (17,18,20).Straipsnio tikslas -remiantis eksperimentiniais bei klinikiniais tyrimais supažindinti su dabartinėmis žiniomis apie anestetikų poveikį besivystančioms smegenims bei su kai kurių biožymenų verte, esant įvairios kilmės smegenų ląstelių pažeidimui. Darbo objektas ir metodasAtlikta mokslinių straipsnių, rekomendacijų apžvalga, analizė. Iš viso apžvelgta 60 mokslinės literatūros darbų nagrinėjama tematika, atrinktos 42 publikacijos, aktualiausiai atitinkančios smegenų ląstelių apoptozės temą. Remiantis šiomis publikacijomis, nagrinėjamos temos informacija susisteminta, maksimailiai koncentruotai ir aiškiai pateikta straipsnyje.Fiziologija ir preklinikiniai tyrimai. Apoptozė -už-programuota ląstelės žūtis -energijos reikalaujantis procesas, kurio metu, dalyvaujant kaspazių grupės fermentams, sunaikinamos funkciškai neaktyvios ar organizmui žalin-gos ląstelės. Žinduoliams masyvi besivystančių smegenų ląstelių apoptozė yra būdinga ir apibūdinama kaip fiziologinis procesas, būtinas normaliam smegenų vystymuisi. Perteklinis neuronų kiekis susiformuoja vaisiaus vystymosi laikotarpiu, o po gimimo, esant normaliam centrinės nervų sistemos vystymuisi, iki 70% neuronų sunyksta (24,26). Nėra aišku, ar eksperimentuose su gyvūnais anestetikai paskatina jau užprogramuotų fiziologinei apoptozei neuronų žūtį, ar sukelia patologinę apoptozę (14). Sinaptogenezė -kitas svarbus procesas, kuriam neigiamos įtakos gali turėti anesteziniai preparatai (14,26,27,29,39,40). Naujagimių centrinės ne...
The aim of this study was to find out absolute values of cerebral oxygenation during uncomplicated anesthesia in otherwise healthy newborns and infants undergoing general surgery and to correlate them with demographic and clinical variables. We examined 10 term newborns and infants ASA class I or II without any documented neurological and cardiovascular disorders. All patients underwent general anesthesia with sevoflurane, fentanyl and muscle relaxants. After induction of anesthesia, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was started and used throughout the surgery. Overall mean (standard deviation (sd)) rSO 2 value was 84 ± 8% and weakly correlated with weight (r = 0.5), postnatal age (r = 0.2), SpO 2 (r = 0.3) and arterial blood pressure (r = 0.2), p < 0.05 for all variables. We conclude that NIRS is a noninvasive, continuous method for monitoring cerebral oxygenation, simple and easy to perform. Earlier studies and our data suggest that normative values in otherwise healthy term newborns and infants could be weight or age dependant. Further studies are required to assess the clinical value of the routine use of cerebral NIRS in general neonatal and pediatric patient population.
Background. Devices allowing direct assessment of brain tissue oxygenation have showed promising results in clinical studies. However, estimation of brain oximetry still has some challenges. The aim of our study was to estimate the feasibility to monitor cerebral oximetry for neurosurgery patients in the Operating Room and in the Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit, possible basic disturbances for the study and early results. Materials and methods. The prospective trial took place in a tertiary university setting – the Neurosurgery Department of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Hospital (Kaunas Clinics). The monitoring was performed with an INVOS® Cerebral / Somatic Oximeter, which is based on near-infrared spectroscopy. The monitoring places were the Operating Room, later the Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit and for some patients the regular Neurosurgery Ward. All patients had acute open or closed traumatic brain injury and had undergone neurosurgery. Results. 52 patients were included in the study, while 36 operations were performed after traumatic brain injury with successful monitoring. Preoperatively GCS ranged from 3 to 15 (average 10.2 ± 4.6), all patients had no hypotension ranged from 214 mmHg to 112 mmHg (average 148.0 ± 26.6), the mean arterial pressure ranged from 155 mmHg to 61 mmHg (average 106.0 ± 21.8), only two patients had hypoxia with SpO2 of 86% and 76%, other values averaged 96.7% ± 4.3% . Hemoglobin preoperatively ranged from 162 g/l to 82 g/l (average 133.7 ± 17.9). The va lues of cerebral oxygenation preoperatively in the Operating Room were 42–96% (average 74.8 ± 10.8), and one patient with cerebral oxy genation of 15% bilaterally before surgery died in 24 hours after the surgery (normal values vary from 58 to 82%). The values varied from to 15–95% in the period of the operation. The biggest difference of cerebral oxygenation between brain hemispheres was registered as 42% and 68% before the intubation, 60% (±8.8) and 76% (±4.0) during the operation, 64% (±4.9) and 80% (±5.3) in the Intensive Care Unit. 13 patients died, 17 were discharged with GCS of 13–15 and 6 patients with GCS of 8–12. Conclusions. Monitoring of regional cerebral oximetry for neurosurgery patients can be performed, despite of its limitations: surgery or application of the Mayfield holder in the frontal region of the head, intra operative transcranial Doppler monitoring
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