Autism spectrum disorders ASD is a group of pervasive developmental disorders, manifested mainly through the lack of ability to social interaction, communication disruption and stereotyped behavior. Despite of generally recognized practical and theoretical significance of studying the mechanisms of formation, it still has got little attention. The article represents some approaches to differential diagnosis of autism and similar conditions. The authors make an attempt to find out the main reasons for such sharp increase in the number of patients suffering from this disease. The article aims analysis of existing research and contains the results of complex diagnostics and the mechanisms of disorders formation. In solving the problem of ASD formation mechanisms, clinical data, medical history data, genetic confounding factors and course of prenatal, natal and postnatal periods are used. In their findings, the authors develop the technology for ASD and similar conditions differential diagnostics; diagnostic markers and algorithm for the development of psychological and pedagogical treatment programs are suggested

Сведения об авторах: САГАЛАКОВА Ольга Анатольевна, кандидат психологических наук, доцент кафедры клинической психологии Алтайского государственного университета (Барнаул, Россия).

IntroductionIn adolescence, social anxiety (SA) and anti-vital and suicidal behavior (AB and SB) constitute a single syndrome.AimThe aim is to define the role of SA and its components in shaping adolescent AB, with a subsequent risk of SB.Materials and methodsA total of 981 adolescents participated in the survey. The authors’ proprietary Anti-vitality and Resilience Questionnaire and Social Anxiety and Social Phobia Questionnaire; statistic methods: ANOVA, Correlation analysis.Results and discussionTwenty-four percent from the sample have high SA levels, and 21.8% have clinical SA levels connected with high risk of AB and SB. Adolescents find themselves in unstable conditions of the psychological field reorganization (crisis), and they are in need of actualization of means to satisfy their social motives. It makes them vulnerable to mental disorganization under evaluation conditions, and the situation is aggravated with the absence of internalized mental regulation tools. AB, SB is higher, the higher the SA in adolescents is. SA as a subjective perception of insufficient means to influence the surroundings in order to satisfy social needs can play one of the key roles in the accumulation of negative affect in the system of mental activity, and lead ultimately to its failure.ConclusionInability to satisfy their actual motives, lack of strategy for self-realization and dealing with failures, and inability to keep the targeted priority in evaluation situations lead to feeling loss of life purpose and negative evaluation of the future and shape AB, SB.Disclosure of interestThe research was supported by Russian Science Foundation (Altai State University).

Представлен аналитический обзор подходов к изучению когнитивных факторов нарушений психической деятельности при обсессивно-компульсивном расстройстве (ОКР). Обозначен историко-методологический путь осмысления механизмов ОКР: от ранних когнитивных теорий, через описание системы дисфункциональных убеждений и изучение протекания мыслительной деятельности посредством анализа руминаций к выявлению особенностей фокусировки внимания при ОКР и социальном тревожном расстройстве, нейрокогнитивному подходу в изучении ОКР во взаимосвязи с социальной тревогой, позволяющему интегрировать имеющийся экспериментальный опыт и определить вероятный трансдиагностический нейронный коррелят тревоги-ERN. Ключевые слова: обсессивно-компульсивное расстройство (ОКР); дисфункциональные убеждения; руминации; искажение внимания; нейрокогнитивные исследования; социальное тревожное расстройство (СТР); ERN; самофокусировка внимания.

The article presents an analytical justification for the relevance of studying the phenomenon of attitude to mental illness and committed socially dangerous acts (SDA) of patients with schizophrenia who are undergoing compulsory treatment in a psychiatric hospital. There is a noticeable lack of a qualitative psychological description of the holistic attitude to oneself phenomenon, to SDA and to the world around patients with schizophrenia with criminal history, as well as its role in the implementation of psychological support. The tasks of a specific empirical study aimed at studying the characteristics of attitude to the disease, socially dangerous acts, and psychological characteristics of schizophrenic patients who have committed SDA are presented. The following methods are used in the study: the author's version of a structured interview to determine the characteristics of the attitude to the disease and to the SDA; diagnostic battery for identifying the psychological characteristics of patients with schizophrenia. Processing the results of psychodiagnostic techniques and structured interviews was carried out using the method of frequency analysis, analysis of contingency tables, cluster analysis. The research sample consisted of 62 patients with schizophrenia who are in inpatient compulsory treatment in a specialized type of psychiatric hospital in Tomsk. The average age of the subjects was 24.3 ± 3.3 years old. As a result of the study, features of the attitude to the existing disease and to the perfect offense of schizophrenia patients were revealed, the relationship between the types of attitude to the disease and SDA with psychological characteristics of the studied patients were determined. The types of attitude towards the disease and SDA are defined: the first type is “Denial of both disease and SDA”, the second type is “Denial of disease and partial guilty plea in SDA”, the third type is “Awareness and illness, and SDA”, which characterize the holistic attitude of patients with schizophrenia with criminal history to the existing situation of the disease and to stay on compulsory treatment due to the commission of a socially dangerous act. The typology revealed in this study makes it possible to differentially approach the determination of the structure and targets of psychological correction effects during psychological support of compulsory treatment of patients with schizophrenia with criminal history.