The ubiquity of communication devices such as smartphones has led to the emergence of context-aware services that are able to respond to specific user activities or contexts. These services allow communication providers to develop new, added-value services for a wide range of applications such as social networking, elderly care, and near-emergency early warning systems. At the core of these services is the ability to detect specific physical settings or the context a user is in, using either internal or external sensors. For example, using built-in accelerometers it is possible to determine if a user is walking or running at a specific time of day. By correlating this knowledge with GPS data it is possible to provide specific information services to users with similar daily routines. This article presents a survey of the techniques for extracting this activity information from raw accelerometer data. The techniques that can be implemented in mobile devices range from classical signal processing techniques such as FFT to contemporary string-based methods. We present experimental results to compare and evaluate the accuracy of the various techniques using real data sets collected from daily activities.

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Exceptional water oxidation (WO) turnover frequencies (TOF=17,000 h(-1)), and turnover numbers (TONs) close to 400,000, the largest ever reported for a metal-catalyzed WO reaction, have been found by using [Cp*Ir(III)(NHC)Cl2] (in which NHC=3-methyl-1-(1-phenylethyl)-imidazoline-2-ylidene) as the pre-catalyst and NaIO4 as oxidant in water at 40 °C. The apparent TOF for [Cp*Ir(III)(NHC)X2] (1X, in which X stands for I (1I), Cl (1Cl), or triflate anion (1OTf)) and [(Cp*-NHCMe)Ir(III)I2] (2) complexes, is kept constant during almost all of the O2 evolution reaction when using NaIO4 as oxidant. The TOF was found to be dependent on the ligand and on the anion (TOF ranging from ≈600 to ≈1100 h(-1) at 25 °C). Degradation of the complexes by oxidation of the organic ligands upon reaction with NaIO4 has been investigated. (1)H NMR, ESI-MS, and dynamic light-scattering measurements (DLS) of the reaction medium indicated that the complex undergoes rapid degradation, even at low equivalents of oxidant, but this process takes place without formation of nanoparticles. Remarkably, three-month-old solution samples of oxidized pre-catalysts remain equally as active as freshly prepared solutions. A UV/Vis feature band at λmax =405 nm is observed in catalytic reaction solutions only when O2 evolves, which may be attributed to a resting state iridium speciation, most probably Ir-oxo species with an oxidation state higher than IV.

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