The addition of growth regulator is one of the critical success factors in in vitro cultures. 2,4-D as a plant regulator in media can stimulate the cell division, enlargement of the explants and promotes the formation and growth of callus. The purpose of this study was to determine the time of callus formation and to determine the best concentration of 2.4-D in inducing the growth of callus from leaf explants of Vanda sp. This research was conducted by experiment with completely randomized design, which consists of six levels of treatment concentration of 2,4-D i.e. 0 ppm; 1 ppm; 1.5 ppm; 2 ppm; 2.5 ppm; and 3 ppm. The parameters observed were the percentage of callus formation and the form of callus from Vanda sp leaf explants. The results were statistically analyzed by using MINITAB program version 17. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed and the difference between means score/ value was separated by F test at p < 0.05. The results showed that 2,4-D treatment give significant effect (F 5,12 = 3,20; p = 0,046 < 0,05) on the callus growth time and its percentage. Application of 2 ppm 2.4-D was the best concentration for accelerating the callus growth time (14.3 days after planting) and increasing the percentage of callus formation (83.3%). Most of callus type were proliferative callus (36.11%) and senescence callus (11.11%). The results of this research are very important to grow the callus from Vanda leaves orchid explant because it is very diffucult to grow.

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Sansevieria is an ornamental plant commonly known as mother-in-law's tongue, devil's tongue, and snake tongue. It has many functions e.g. uses as medicine, its fiber for the textile industry, and as indoor air pollutants absorber. However, the growth of Sansevieria is slow. Therefore the supply of it seeds in large quantities in the short time was difficult. The use of Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) was one solution to accelerate the propagation of Sansevieria leaf cuttings. This study aimed to determine the concentration of IBA and the composition of media to increase the leaf cuttings propagation of Sansevieria cylindrica var. patula. The method was randomized block design with factorials. Factor I was the IBA concentrations comprised of  K0 at 0 ppm, K1 at 50 ppm, K2 at 100 ppm, K3 at 150 ppm, and K4 at 200 ppm. Factor II was the ratio of manure:sand:rice-husk-ash as the growth media, comprised of M1 with 1:1:1 ratio, M2 with 1:2:1 ratio, and M3 with 1:1:2 ratio respectively. Each with three replicates overall was 45 experimental units. The parameters observed were a percentage of propagated cuttings, the number of roots, the longest length of roots, the number of shoots. The results showed the IBA could not increase the growth of cuttings in all media composition; however media compositions could enhance the number of shoots. The effective media composition propagated the cuttings was the M1 a 1:1:1 ratio of manure:sand:rice-husk-ash.

Need analysis is the starting point in designing a course or developing material. It is used to gather information from the population about what they need in learning. This study aims at investigating the needs of English for math instructional material for the mathematics education department at UIN Alauddin Makassar. The design research was descriptive quantitative and qualitative research. The population of the research was 64 students, ten graduates, and two lecturers. Research data were collected by using questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire comprises present situation analysis, target situation analysis, and learning needs. The findings show that 1) students have fair ability in English skillslistening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, and grammar, and pronunciation; 2) students need to learn more in reading than others skills. Vocabulary related to their major, and grammar; 3) students need to learn auditorily and visually through video. Students also need to learn in a small group and work in pairs.

Cadmium is a heavy metal widely used in human life. When it enters the body, cadmium might bind to metallothionein protein and impair renal function. The renal function decrease usually is characterized by raise of β2-microglobulin, creatinine, ureum and uric acid levels, which possibly be cured by lycopene, and antioxidant found in tomato. The objective of the study was to determine the effective lycopene dose as a renoprotective of Cd exposure. Twenty four Wistar rats used in this study were divided into six groups (four individuals in each group). Group I was the negative control, Group II was given 5.6 mg/kgBW CdSO4 as a positive control. Group III, IV and V were given 5.6 mg/kgBW CdSO4 and tomato extract of 0.36, 0.72 and 1.08 mg/kgBW/day respectively. Group VI exposed to CdSO4, and after seven days an additional 0.3 mg/kgBW/day of dimercaprol was administered for 14 days as a comparison to tomato. The parameters observed were levels of Cd, creatinine, and β2-microglobulin in blood level. Observations were made on day 0 and day 22. The data were analyzed by ANOVA (F-test), followed by the Duncan test. The results showed that all treatments and dimercaprol could reduce the levels of Cd, creatinine, ureum, uric acid, and β2-Microglobulin. The optimal decrease was observed in the rats administered with 1.08 mg/kgBW/day. Tomato extract dose 1.08 mg/kgBW was the highest in lowering levels of blood Cd, β2-M, creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels.