Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by a combination of endogenous (intrinsic) and exogenous (extrinsic) factors. Because of the fact that skin health and beauty is considered one of the principal factors representing overall "well-being" and the perception of "health" in humans, several antiaging strategies have been developed during the last years. It is the intention of this article to review the most important anti-aging strategies that dermatologists have nowadays in hand, including preventive measurements, cosmetological strategies, topical and systemic therapeutic agents and invasive procedures.

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Vildagliptin, an antihyperglycemic drug, is having high water solubility and shorter elimination half-life. This leads to administer vildagliptin frequently to maintain its therapeutic efficacy. So the Formulation of vildagliptin microspheres might be beneficial in overcoming the side effects of the conventional drug delivery systems during the prolonged treatment. The aim of the work was to evaluate and fabricate the microspheres, which improved the absorption of drug and increase the release kinetics and also to study the effect of formulation variables. The microspheres of vildagliptin were formulated by solvent evaporation technique. The formulation variables were the concentration of Ethyl cellulose (EC), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and stirring speed. The resulting microspheres were evaluated for percentage yield, percentage entrapment efficiency, particle size, surface morphology, drug release rates. The morphological structure of the microspheres revealed spherical shaped structures. Good entrapment were observed. The in vitro drug release was found to be controlled. Results indicated that physicochemical properties of microspheres strongly affected by the presence of drug/polymer ratios, changing the concentrations of them and effect of variables.

Introduction: During 1400 AD woodblock printing and subs sequent evolution of industrial scale printing press took place which helped in quick reproduction of images, information dissemination and text. Advancement in printing technology took place in past few decades from 2D to 3D and this advancement was more complex and difficult to happen. Quick prototyping could be possible due to the evolution of 3D printing and initially used by manufacturing companies to make similar structures of various electrical components and other objects. In incorporation to the applications in the manufacturing and consumer sectors, 3D printing can transform science and education surely. Materials & Methods: There are three basic approaches of 3D bioprinting and are as Abstract: This review article is a summary of organ and tissue showing 3D printing. Processing 3D of appropriate shape, structure and size is the most difficult and challenging job for tissue engineering Tissue organ printer is being presented by us which is exclusively designed for constructing similar shapes and sizes, which is possible by using biodegradable polymers while printing cell-laden hydrogels. The right shape of the tissue can be attained and it is possible by representing clinical imaging data as computer model of the anatomical defect and also to interpret the model into various programs that are used to control the movement of the printer nozzles. The incorporation of micro channels into the tissue constructs facilitated diffusion of nutrients to printed cells, and as a result it overcomes the diffusion limit of 100-200 µm for cell survival in engineered tissues. We demonstrated the ability of ITOP by making mandible and calvarial bones, cartilages and skeletal muscles. The ITOP can be used in future in developing or making of more complex tissues and organs of solid nature.

Background: Due to short-lasting action, fast clearance and enzymatic instability of anti-diabetic drugs result in low bioavailability as they are mainly absorbed from the stomach and the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of antidiabetic drugs can be significantly increased by enhancing the gastric residence time using gastroretentive drug delivery systems such as floating microspheres. Objectives:  The present investigation deals with the development and optimization of floating microspheres for gastroretentive delivery containing repaglinide using Box-Behnken design and also investigates the effect of different process variables on the formation of the microsphere. Thereby, increasing the bioavailability and reducing the mentioned side effects of repaglinide. Materials and methods: Floating microspheres of repaglinide formulated by ionic gelation method and optimized using Box-Behnken design. The independent variables were the concentration of Hydroxy methylcellulose (HPMC) (A), Sodium alginate (B), and calcium chloride (C) while entrapment efficiency (R1), swelling index (R2), and in vitro drug release (R3) were considered as dependent variables. The optimized formulation of floating microspheres was characterized by various physicochemical properties, surface morphology, drug excipient interaction, in vitro release, and buoyancy studies. Results: Based on obtained 3D response surface plot factors A, B, and C were found to give a synergistic effect on R1, while factor A has a negative effect on R2. Interaction of AC was negative on R1 and R2 but positive on R3. The interaction of AC and BC was negative in all the responses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that microspheres were spherical with nearly smooth surface morphology. Good entrapment and buoyancy were observed for 12 h. The in vitro drug release was found to be controlled for more than 12 hours and followed the Higuchi model. The validations of response surface methodology (RSM) for three dependent variables were 100.09%, 99.68%, and 97.02%. Conclusion: Repaglinide floating microspheres were prepared and optimized by use of Box – Behnken process optimization software. The quantitative responses of particle size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release for different combinations of independent variables, sodium alginate as release retarding polymer, HPMC K100M as floating polymer, and calcium chloride as a cross-linking agent were obtained experimentally, and the results were found to fit the design model.  The quantitative effect of these factors at different levels on the responses could be predicted using polynomial equations, and high linearity was observed between predicted and actual values of response variables. The results of the present study showed that the responses i.e, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release are significantly affected by the concentration of polymer and a cross-linking agent.  The formulation OF1 was found to be the optimum formulation predicted by the point prediction of the design expert software. The in vitro drug release was found to be controlled for more than 12 h and followed the Higuchi model. The validations of RSM for three dependent variables were 100.09%, 99.68%, and 97.02%. Therefore, it can be concluded that a floating microsphere for repaglinide was developed and optimized using a three-factor, three-level Box – Behnken design.