-Introduction. The fruit of 'Encore' mandarin (Citrus deliciosa × Citrus nobilis) usually shows chlorotic spots in the epicarp from the first stages of development. This peel disorder triggers off, thereafter, the occurrence of a large quantity of dark stains (pre-harvest 'peel pitting'). Materials and methods. A biochemical and ultra-structural study of the flavedo, using epicarp with and without stains, was carried out. Quality assays were assessed on the edible portion of the fruit or on juice. Results. The cell structure of pitted and unpitted epicarp analysed by electron microscopy revealed that dark spots were associated with the degradation of cellular membranes. The peroxidase system that shields the epicarp against photooxidative stress showed an inhibition of catalase activity and an increase of superoxide dismutase functioning. Moreover, the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase remained unaffected in stained tissues. In sunshade trees, it was also found that the number of dark stains per fruit decreased but the internal quality of the endocarp was not significantly affected. The weight and the caliber of the fruit also slightly decreased. Discussion. High light intensities induce an oxidative stress in the epicarp, which is characterized by an increased peroxidation and degradation of biological membranes. On the other hand, protection against solar radiation alleviates the stress, but, although not affecting the internal quality of the fruit, slightly decreases the fruit weight and size.Portugal / Citrus reticulata / mandarins / cell structure / ultrastructure / epidermis / fruit / quality Taches sur l'écorce de la mandarine Encore : étiologie, contrôle et implications dans la qualité du fruit.Résumé -Introduction. Le fruit de la mandarine « Encore » (Citrus deliciosa × Citrus nobilis) montre fréquemment des taches chlorotiques de l'épicarpe dès les premiers stades de déve-loppement. Cette anomalie de l'écorce déclenche, ensuite, avant la récolte, l'apparition d'une grande quantité de taches sombres, ultrastructurales. Matériel et méthodes. Une étude biochimique du flavédo, utilisant des épicarpes avec ou sans taches, a été effectuée. Des mesures de qualité ont été effectuées sur la partie comestible du fruit ou sur le jus. Résultats. La structure des cellules d'épicarpes maculés ou non, analysée par microscopie électronique, a révélé que les taches sombres étaient associées à la dégradation de membranes cellulaires. Le système peroxydase qui protège l'épicarpe contre le stress photooxydatif a montré une inhibition de l'activité de la catalase et une augmentation du fonctionnement de la superoxyde dismutase. Par ailleurs, les activités de l'ascorbate peroxydase et de la glutathione reductase sont restées inchangées dans des tissus affectés. Le nombre de taches sombres par fruit récolté sur les arbres sous ombrage a diminué, mais la qualité interne de l'endocarpe n'a pas été significativement affectée. Le poids et le calibre du fruit ont aussi légèrement diminué. Discu...
Pre-harvest rindstain in 'Encore' mandarin starts by the injury of a few epidermal cells. The connection between the damaged epidermis and the collapsed layers of flavedo, extending in parallel with rind surface was only visible on cross-sections containing the narrow zone of injured epidermal cells. The individual cell alteration including loss of membrane integrity and the accumulation of large amounts of osmiophilic materials in the cytoplasm are the result of a degrading process. Minute disruptions in the cuticle may provide shelters for resting forms of amoeboid or plasmodial-like organisms living on the rind. Our results suggest that these organisms could be involved in the disorder expression.
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