Today, Babesia is recognized as one of the most common blood parasites in the world, which in terms of the number of cases of invasion is second only to trypanosomes (the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis and Chagas’ disease). These microorganisms can cause parasitism in erythrocytes and hematopoietic organs. They cause an infectious process, the clinical course of which can vary from asymptomatic, subclinical, mild or moderate influenza-like forms – to severe progressive disease (fulminant form) with fatal outcome. Thus, the latter determines the significant burden of babesia for the leading branches of medicine, veterinary medicine and the economy as a whole. The presented work is devoted to the study of the prospects for verification of babesiosis causative agents by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Blood, erythrocyte suspension, homogenized tick-carriers of babesiosis, culture of Babesia spp. were used as research material (samples). In order to obtain an objective assessment, the PCR-diagnostics method was used in two formats – standard and multiplex (multi-primer). Multiple PCR testing of multiplex format using primers in model samples containing cells of different species of Babesia (B. microti, B. divergens, B. bovis, B. canis), allowed us to establish the level of reproducibility of the results of such studies, which ranged 94.6–96.4%, to determine the level of PCR sensitivity of the multiplex format for detection/identification of human pathogenic babesia (B. microti, B. divergens and B. venatorum). It is established that the advantages of the PCR-diagnostic method of babesiosis pathogens in the samples of the studied biomaterial were: speed of research (2–4 hours); high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility of Babesia detection results, prospects of species identification, differentiation with apicomplex spores (Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma). In view of the above, the PCR method is recommended for use in cases of persistent suspicion of babesiosis infection (in cases of negative results of microscopic/cytological studies, to identify asymptomatic, subclinical and chronic forms of babesiosis, verification of active invasion in seropositive individuals and for Babesia species and their differentiation).

The experimental study of the antihypoxic and antioxidant activity of 5,7-dihydro-1Н-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivativesAim. To study the antihypoxic and antioxidant activity of 5,7-dihydro-1Н-pyrrolo- [2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives on the models of the experimental pathology.Materials and methods. The study of the antihypoxic activity of 5,7-dihydro-1Н-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was conducted on the model of acute hemic hypoxia, the antioxidant action was studied on the model of toxic tetrachlorometane hepatitis.Results and discussion. It was found that the activity of compounds KMS-161, KMS-164, KMS-166, KMS-168, KMS-174, KMS-176, KMS-191 was lower compared to mexidol, and the antihypoxic activity of compounds KMS-162, KMS-163, KMS-172, KMS-178, KMS-179, KMS-211, KMS-214, KMS-217 was close and slightly higher than the activity of mexidol in its median effective dose of 100 mg/kg. The marked antihypoxic activity was found in all groups studied. In the "structure -activity" analysis it was found that the antihypoxic activity among derivatives of 5,7-dihydro-1Н-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine was caused by their nature, the structure of the radical and the position of the substituent. The presence of the pyrrole ring in the molecule of 5,7-dihydro-1Н-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine led to the increased antihypoxic activity. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the objects studied showed that substances with the code of KMS-162, KMS-176, KMS-191, KMS-211, KMS-214, KMS-217 affected most positively on the state of AOS and LPO in conditions of acute hepatitis.Conclusions. In a series of 5,7-dihydro-1Н-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives the most active was compound KMS-211, which showed the high antihypoxic activity (131 %) in relation to the control group and exceeded the reference drug mexidol by 45 %. Synthetic derivatives of 5,7-dihydro-1Н-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine exhibited the antioxidant activity (compound KMS-211 was the most active). The compounds studied may be the basis for the purposeful synthesis of antihypoxants and antioxidants. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження антигіпоксичної активності похідних 5,7-дигідро-1Н-піроло[2,3-d]піри-мідину проводили на моделі гострої гемічної гіпоксії; антиоксидантної дії -на моделі токсичного тетрахлороме-танового гепатиту. Key words: derivatives of 5,7-dihydro-1Н-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine; hypoxia; antihypoxic action; lipidРезультати та їх обговорення. Встановлено, що активність сполук була нижча порівняно з мексидолом, а антигіпоксична активність сполук наближається та дещо перевищує ак-тивність мексидолу в його середньоефективній дозі 100 мг/кг. Вся досліджувана група виявила виражену анти-гіпоксичну активність. При аналізі «структура -активність» встановлено, що антигіпоксична активність у ряду похідних 5,7-дигідро-1Н-піроло[2,3-d]піримідину зумовлена природою, положенням замісника і структури ради-калу. Наявність пірольного циклу в молекулі 5,7-дигідро-1Н-піроло[2,3-d]піримідину приводить до підвищення антигіпоксичної активності. Порівняльний аналіз ефе...

The effect of the Ginger dry extract on the indicators of the carbohydrate metabolism under conditions of the experimental metabolic syndrome in Syrian golden hamsters Aim. To study the effect of the ginger dry extract on the indicators of the carbohydrate metabolism in the experimental metabolic syndrome.Materials and methods. The effect of the ginger dry extract on the carbohydrate metabolism was determined by the level of basal glycemia, basal insulinemia, HOMA-IR index, HbA1c level, the glycogen content in the liver and the body weight against the background of the metabolic syndrome induced by a high-calorie diet in Syrian golden hamsters.Results and discussion. Consumption of high-calorie food for 6 weeks led to development of the metabolic syndrome, it was confirmed by an increase in the body weight, hyperglycemia, compensatory insulinemia, insulin resistance, increased glycogenolysis in the liver and glycosylation of proteins. The use of the ginger dry extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg over the period of 14 days reliably reduced blood glucose by 43.3 % and normalized insulinemia by 32.8 % affecting a decrease in the HOMA-IR index. The introduction of the ginger extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg was also accompanied by suppression of protein glycosylation by 29.6 % and restoration of glycogen-forming function of the liver. By its ability to restore the carbohydrate metabolism the ginger dry extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg did not differ from metformin and exceeded the effectiveness of the herbal drug "Arphasetin". It is probably due to the powerful complex pharmacological action of phenolic compounds of ginger -gingerols and other components.Conclusions. On the experimental model of the metabolic syndrome the use of the ginger dry extract normalized blood glucose, insulinemia, decreased insulin resistance and restored the glycogen content in the liver at the level of metformin. By the intensity of the pharmacological action the ginger extract exceeded the reference herbal drug "Arphasetin". This fact is the basis for its further pharmacological study as a promising agent for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Вплив сухого екстракту імбиру на показники вуглеводного обміну за умови експериментального метаболічного синдрому у сирійських золотавих хом'ячківМета -вивчення впливу сухого екстракту імбиру на показники вуглеводного обміну за умови експеримен-тального метаболічного синдрому.Матеріали та методи. Визначення впливу сухого екстракту імбиру на вуглеводний обмін проводили за рівнем базальної глікемії, базальної інсулінемії, індексом HOMA-IR, рівнем HbA1c, вмістом глікогену у печінці та масою тіла на тлі метаболічного синдрому, індукованого висококалорійною дієтою у сирійських золотавих хом'ячків.Результати та їх обговорення. Споживання висококалорійної їжі впродовж 6 тижнів призводило до роз-витку метаболічного синдрому, що підтверджувалось збільшенням маси тіла, гіперглікемією, компенсаторною інсулінемією, інсулінорезистентністю, посиленням процесів глікогенолізу у печінці та глік...

The effect of the Brassica oleracea extract on the structural components of mucous cells of the stomach in its ulcerative damage Aim. To study the effect of the Brassica oleracea extract on the total content of proteins and lipids of mucous cells of the stomach in the experimental ulcer. Materials and methods. On the model of alcohol-prednisolone ulcer in rats the effect of the Brassica oleracea extract on the content of proteins and lipids of the mucous cells of the stomach was studied. To study the phospholipid content of membranes the lipid fraction was separated by Folch method. Separation of phospholipids into separate fractions was carried out by thin layer chromatography on silica gel. The protein spectrum of the stroma was studied by gel chromatography. Results and discussion. The mechanism of the reparative action of the Brassica oleracea extract in the experimental gastric ulcer consisted in formation of a new fraction of proteins with the molecular mass of 36 kDa and restoration of the lipid content of the gastric mucosa. It was accompanied with normalization of the structural and functional state of the mucosa by the restitution type with complete restoration of the mucous membrane. Conclusions. The Brassica oleracea extract in ulcerative damage of the stomach promotes the processes of regeneration of proteins and lipids on the mucous cells of the stomach leading to reparation.

Aim. To study experimentally the hypolipidemic properties of Ginger extract against the background of type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods. The study of the hypolipidemic properties of Ginger extract was performed by the lipid metabolism indices on the model of type 2 diabetes induced by dexamethasone in rats aged 18 months.Results and discussion. Experimental type 2 diabetes was accompanied with disorder of the lipid metabolism, it was confirmed by the increase of the content triacylglycerides, atherogenic apoB-lipoproteins with simultaneous reduction of high-density lipoproteins and increased release of free fatty acids from the adipose tissue. Under the effect of Ginger extract in the doses of 50 and 80 mg/kg the level of free fatty acids in the blood serum decreased by 38.4 % and 38.9 %, probably due to correction of insulin resistance manifestations and preservation of the insulin control effect on lipolysis. The reliable inhibition of hypertriacylglycerolemia severity by Ginger extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg by 35.1% correlated with a decrease of apoB-LP production in the liver, and it indicated correction of diabetic dyslipidemia. At the same time, the level of the antiatherogenic fraction -high-density lipoproteins -significantly increased by 26.1 and 29.5 % under the effect of the extract in the doses of 50 and 80 mg/kg, respectively, compared to the values of animals of the control pathology. Ginger extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg showed a more expressive ability to normalize the lipid metabolism at the level of the reference drug -"Arphasetin" herbal medicinal product.Conclusions. Introduction of Ginger extract for 14 days in the doses of 50 and 80 mg/kg on the model of type 2 diabetes induced by dexamethasone was accompanied with a reliable normalization of the lipid metabolism. The use of Ginger extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg is most pronounced at the level of the reference drug -"Arphasetin" herbal medicinal product, corrected the pathological changes in the lipid metabolism characteristic for type 2 diabetes. It allows making a conclusion concerning the feasibility of further studies of the extract exactly in this dose and the prospects of its use as an antiatherogenic drug in the complex treatment of type 2 diabetes.Key words: Ginger extract; type 2 diabetes mellitus; dexamethasone; hypolipidemic action Н. М. Кононенко, В. В. Чікіткіна, М. В. Сорокіна, М. О. Остапець Дослідження гіполіпідемічних властивостей естракту імбиру на моделі цукрового діабету 2 типу, індукованого дексаметазономМета -експериментальне дослідження гіполіпідемічних властивостей екстракту імбиру на тлі ЦД 2 типу. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження гіполіпідемічних властивостей екстракту імбиру проводили за показни-ками ліпідного обміну на моделі ЦД 2 типу, індукованого дексаметазоном у щурів 18-місячного віку.Результати та їх обговорення. Експериментальний ЦД 2 типу супроводжувався порушенням ліпідного обміну, що підтверджувалось зростанням триацилгліцеридів, вмісту атерогенних апоВ-ліпопротеїнів за умови одночасного знижен...