Declarative knowledge is a belief system of translators which underlies the prac- tices of translating. It guides translators in decision-making process in an interlingual communication. Exploited simultaneously and effectively with operative knowl- edge it results in the production of a quality. In some cases, as evidenced in process- oriented studies, there is a gap between the two to the extent that what translators know and believe about translation does not match what they do in practices. Key  words:  Declarative  knowledge,  translation,  and  competence.

Politeness strategies have been studied from various angles. In literary works, they can be used as a device to

This paper discusses the microstrategies of translation (Schjoldager et al., 2008) used by visually impaired translators in translating English texts into Indonesian. There are three reasons for using these microstrategies: 1) they are more specific and thorough; 2) they outnumber other translation strategies; and 3) they can show the degree of creativity applied in a translation work (Yang, 2010). In order to collect the data, a translation task was assigned to two subjects of research in this study. The assignment was to translate a psychological text categorized as "very difficult to read" according to Flesch Reading Ease criteria. Six microstrategies were employed by the translators. The microstrategies and their total frequencies are as follows: direct transfer (9), direct translation (17), explicitation (6), paraphrase (3), addition (4), and deletion (4). Surprisingly, a visually impaired translator who has achieved better English proficiency and experienced translation training is less creative than the one who has not, i.e., the translator's creativity does not imply the quality of translation.

As on old language, Javanese has its uniqueness. The uniqueness of Javanese language is reflected through the use of speech level and the distinctive specification in addressing things and activities. Consequently, Javanese language is rich with vocabularies and it has many specific cultural terms in many aspects and activities. In Indonesian novel ‘Gadis Kretek’, many Javanese cultural terms are incorporated to depict and construct Javanese social life, characterization, and issues. Such cultural terms become a challenge for the English translator since they symbolize the oldness of Javanese language. This research unfolds the translation techniques used by translator in translating Javanese cultural terms in novel ‘Gadis Kretek’ as well as the translation quality of the English translation. The data of this study were taken based on the certain criteria of cultural terms in Javanese found in the original novel ‘Gadis Kretek’ and its English translation ‘Cigarette Girl’. The data source was in the form of documents and informants. The documents included the original novel ‘Gadis Kretek’ and its English translation ‘Cigarette Girl’. The informants were the raters who assessed the quality of translation. This study concludes based on the translation techniques used and the finding of the translation quality, the translator is not very successful in the attempt of reconstructing the image of Javanese as an old language because the translator fails as shown in many analyzed data to deliver the specifics of Javanese cultural terms, at least their concept in the translation.

The research dealt with attitudes toward sexism. It aimed to know the translation technique and quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability. It deployed a descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained from a novel titled Gone Girl and the copy of the novel in Indonesian translation through content analysis and focus group discussion. The data were analyzed through domain, taxonomy, and componential analysis to reveal cultural value. The research indicates that translation techniques determine its qualities. It reveals that established equivalence results in the good quality of translation while the generalization, discursive creation, explicitation, modulation, literal translation, particularization, and description reflect quite good and bad quality of the translation. Moreover, the application of generalization and explicitation results in non-sexist translation. Consequently, the translator becomes less sexist than writer and gives readers different effect with the original one. However, this is affected by some factors; the translator’s subjectivity, translator’s competence, linguistic characteristic differences, and social-cultural differences.