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Some say that big data is transforming business and society. This can mean widereaching disruption for commerce, health and world governance. Few authors agree on what constitutes big data, depending on the philosophical stance taken. Our propensity for keeping data archived is posing major issues globally, with retrieval and application of such data crossing ethical boundaries. However, one of the more pressing issues is the growing need for confirming whether those working with such big data have the required digital skills to cope. This paper presents one effective and efficient way to identify such digital skill acquisition. We show the progression from the earlier approach used for measuring proficiency between novice and experienced programmers using traditional statistical measures, to adopting a more comprehensive unidimensional scale that empowers comprehension of human performance and test-item performance relative to each other. This methodology offers an effective tool for understanding of individual differences in digital skill development.

The use of natural resource materials has gained awareness among industries recently. Today, replacing the material with something more environmentally friendly, especially from waste natural products like pineapple leaf fibre (PALF), is a top concern. This research aims to look at the flexural properties of a glass fibre/pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) hybrid composite. The hand layup and cold compression methods were used to manufacture the hybrid composite plates, which provide 30 wt% of fibre and 70 wt% of the matrix. The form of the hybrid composite was unidirectional with a size of 30 cm 30 cm 3 cm and sandwich stacking. Universal testing equipment was used to conduct the flexural test. With a flexural strength of 290.11 MPa, 5 wt% PALF and 25 wt% bi-directional glass fibre were found to have the maximum flexural strength.