Withanolides are a branch of alkaloids, which reported many remedial uses. Withanolides mainly exist in 58 species of solanaceous plants which belong to 22 generous. In this review, the phyochemistry, structure and synthesis of withanolieds are described. Withania coagulans Dunal belonging to the family Solanaceae is a small bush which is widely spread in south Asia. In this paper the biological activities of withanolieds from Withania coagulans described. Anti-inflammatory effect, anti cancer and alzheimer's disease and their mechanisms, antihyperglycaemic, hypercholesterolemic, antifungal, antibacterial, cardiovascular effects and another activity are defined. This review described 76 compounds and structures of Withania coagulans.

Introduction: Natural products can be used as radioprotector agents because of containing phenolic compounds and several flavonoids with antioxidant properties. When the normal cells are exposed to ionizing radiation, they generate free radicals and reactive oxygen species that can cause damage in DNA, which leads to cellular dysfunction or even cell death. However, it is necessary to identify new radioprotective agents to protect normal cells. Ferulago angulata (F.angulata), a medicinal plant, can be used as a new radioprotective agent. Purpose: The antioxidant activity of F.angulata was assayed using FRAP and DPPH methods. Then, the human blood samples were incubated with F.angulata at different concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200 μM) and subsequently exposed to IR at a dose of 2Gy. The radioprotective effectof F.angulata on the exposed cells was assessed by micronucleus (MN) method. Also, biomarkers of oxidative stress in the exposed cells were evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) methods. Methods: The antioxidant activity of F.angulata was assayed using FRAP and DPPH methods. Then, the human blood samples were incubated with F.angulata at different concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200 μM) and subsequently exposed to IR at a dose of 2Gy. The radioprotective effectof F.angulata on the exposed cells was assessed by micronucleus (MN) method. Also, biomarkers of oxidative stress in the exposed cells were evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) methods. Results: Our findings showed that F. angulata reduced the frequency of MN induced by IR in exposed cells. At 200μM concentration of F. angulata, maximum reduction in the frequency of MN (63.11%) was observed that demonstrated a high degree of radioprotection. Afterward, pretreatment at 200μM concentration of F.angulata inhibited oxidative stress in irradiated lymphocytes, leading to a reduction in MN frequency and MDA levels while SOD activity was enhanced in the exposed cells. Conclusion: F. angulata as a natural radioprotective agent can protect normal cells against reactive oxygen species and genetic damage induced by IR.

Objectives Pain associated with various underlying pathologies is a major cause of morbidity and diminished life quality in diabetic patients. Effective control of pain requires the use of analgesics with the best efficacy and with minimal side effects. Therefore, our aim in this study was to investigate the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on pain in diabetic rats. Methods In this study, we investigated the analgesic effects of drugs belonging to three different classes of NSAIDs in a rat model of diabetes. Four diabetic groups received normal saline, diclofenac, piroxicam and ketorolac, respectively, and four non-diabetic groups received normal saline, diclofenac, piroxicam and ketorolac. Type 1 diabetes was induced in rats by a single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg bw). Formalin (50 µL of 2.5%) nociception assay was used to examine the effect of treatment with diclofenac, piroxicam and ketorolac on acute and chronic pain in healthy and diabetic rats. Results Piroxicam showed significant analgesic effects both in the acute phase of pain (5–10 min after injection of formalin into the left hind paw), and in the chronic phase (20–60 min after formalin injection) in healthy as well as diabetic rats. Diclofenac and ketorolac also reduced pain scores in healthy rats. However, these two drugs failed to diminish pain in diabetic rats. Conclusion Our data point for better efficacy of piroxicam in controlling pain in diabetes.