Streptococcus mutans is a type of bacterium that initiates plaque formation on the tooth surface causing tooth decay, meanwhile, Staphylococcus aureus causes pyogenic infections such as abscesses to necrosis. Green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) contains secondary meta-bolites that have the potential as antibacterial. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) in micro and nano sizes against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. This was an experimental and laboratory study with a post-test-only design. The results showed that nano-green betel leaf extracts had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. Green betel leaf extract had a much larger inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus rather than against Streptococcus mutans in all groups (p<0.05), with inhibitory diameters of 13,883±1.1496 mm (micro 10%), 16,767± 1.8779 mm (micro 30%), and 18.667±3.148 mm (nano), respectively. A stable increase in antibacterial activity was derived from micro-green betel leaf extracts (Piper betle L.) concentrations of 10%, 30%, and nanoparticle size. In conclusion, nano-green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) showed better antibacterial effectiveness than micro-sizes in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.Keywords: Piper betle L.; nanoparticles; antibacterial; Streptococcus mutans; Staphylococcus aureus

This study aims to reveal the creativity and innovation of SMEs in the culinary sub-sector in Makassar City, when viewed from the perspective of the creative economy in the new adaptation period. This study is a study with a quantitative descriptive approach with survey techniques. There are four aspects measured in this study, namely the adaptation of new habits, the creativity of the culinary sub-sector MSME actors, the innovation of the culinary sub-sector MSME actors, and the marketing strategy carried out by the culinary sub-sector MSME actors. The data collection instrument used a questionnaire. Sampling used a purposive sampling technique by setting specific criteria as a condition for determining the sample so that a sample of 30 SMEs in the culinary sub-sector was obtained. The findings of this study show that even though they have faced a big storm that has shaken their economy, the culinary sub-sector MSME actors still maintain their business existence in order to be able to survive during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is proven that the culinary sub-sector MSME actors have creativity and innovation by adapting to new habits through the use of technology in business management and marketing strategies, and complying with health protocols to local government regulations.

Black (EBC) and Brown (BrC) Carbon are ubiquitous constituents of atmospheric particulate matter that affect people’s health, disrupt ecosystems, and modulate local and global climate. Tracking the local deposition and sources of these aerosol particles is essential to better understanding their multidimensional environmental impact. The main goal of the current study is to measure the absorption coefficient (Babs) of particles within the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) of the El Paso (US)–Ciudad Juárez (Mexico) airshed and assess the contribution of black and brown carbon particles to the optical absorption. Measurements were taken during a summer, wildfire, and winter season to evaluate the optical properties of BC and non-volatile BrC. The winter season presented a variation from the background Babs in the late evening hours (3:00 PM to midnight) due to an increase in biomass burning driven by lower temperatures. The wildfire season presents the greatest variation in the Babs from the background absorption due to EBC- and BrC-rich smoke plumes arriving at this region from the US West seasonal wildfires. It was found that the international bridges’ vehicular traffic, waiting time to cross back and forth between both cities, added to other local anthropogenic activities, such as brick kiln emissions in Ciudad Juarez, have created a background of air pollution in this region. These pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen and nitric oxides, coarse and fine particulate matter dominated by BC and BrC. The absorption coefficients due to EBC and BrC of this background constitute what we have called a baseline EBC and BrC. Aided by two photoacoustic Extinctiometers (PAX), operating at 405 nm and 870 nm wavelengths, connected to a 340 °C thermal denuder to remove volatile organics, the optical properties were documented and evaluated to identify the impact of long-range transported emissions from western wildfires. The Single Scattering Albedo and the Absorption Ångstrom exponent were calculated for the winter and summer season. The Angstrom exponent showed a decrease during the wildfire events due to the aging process. The High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Smoke model, HRRR, and the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, HYSPLIT, were used to estimate the sources of the particles. In addition, a Vaisala Ceilometer was employed to study the vertical profile of particulate matter within the planetary boundary layer.

ABSTRAK merupakan kemasan ramah lingkungan yang potensial digunakan dalam industri pangan. Penelitian ini dengan emulsi olive oil dan kitosan. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan lima perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan yaitu perbandingan komposisi gel Aloe vera dengan emulsi oil (EVOO) dan kitosan yang terdiri dari T1 (40:60 (v/v)), T2 (45:55), T3 (50:50), T4 (55:45) dan T5 (60:40). Metode pembuatan diawali dengan pembuatan gel Aloe vera dan emulsi EVOO 1% (v/v) dalam kitosan 1% (b/v), pencampuran bahan sesuai perlakuan, pencetakan dan pengeringan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ketebalan berkisar 0,067-0,073 mm, solubilitas 48,70 65,73%, permeabilitas uap air 1,39 × 10-5-1,77 × 10-5 gmmHg-1 m-1 h-1 , aktivitas antioksidan 3

Abstrak- Solusi teknologi informasi harus diidentifikasi atau layanan yang diimplementasikan dan diamanatkan termasuk penyediaan layanan, manajemen keamanan dan kontinuitas, layanan dukungan  pengguna, manajemen data, dan fasilitas operasi. Untuk mengukur tingkat kematangan perpustakaan di lakukan audit tata kelola teknologi informasi untuk mengevaluasi, menganalisis, mengawasi, kepatuhan regulasi teknologi informasi apakah dalam manajemen risiko dalam perpustakaan layak digunakan atau tidak layak digunakan di perpustakaan. Metode dalam mendapatkan data dan informasi dari proses tata kelola TI pada Perpustakaan XYZ dengan kuesioner dan wawancara langsung. Berdasarkan rata - rata nilai maturity level di semua domain proses yang dilakukan audit dengan kerangka kerja COBIT 5 berada pada nilai 3,3 atau pada level 3 (Established). Pada level ini secara keseluruhan proses standar didefinisikan dan digunakan di seluruh organisasi. Rata-rata gap analisis berada pada nilai 1,63 yang menunjukan proses Tata Kelola IT di Perpustakaan XYZ sudah berjalan dengan baik. Semakin kecil nilai rata-rata gap analisis dengan nilai ekspektasi maka semakin bagus bagi pengeloaan TI pada sebuah Instansi, perusahaan dan bidang industry lainnya yang menggunakan infrastuktur IT baik pada pengelolaan perangkat keras, perangkat lunak dan pengelolaan sumber daya manusia. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya, bisa menambahkan lebih banyak lagi domain proses baik pada area Tata Kelola (Governance) dan area Manajemen (Management), sehingga proses audit dengan kerangka kerja COBIT 5 dapat dilakukan dengan komprehensif.Kata kunci: Maturity Level, Tata Kelola Teknologi Informasi, Perpustakaan, COBIT 5 Abstract- Information technology solutions should be identified or services implemented and mandated, including service provision, security and continuity management, user support services, data management, and operations facilities. Methods of obtaining data and information from the IT governance process at the XYZ Library with questionnaires and direct interviews. To measure the library's maturity level, an information technology governance audit is carried out to evaluate, analyze, supervise, and comply with information technology regulations whether in risk management in the library is feasible to use or unfit for use in the library. The average maturity level value in all process domains audited with the COBIT 5 framework is 3.3 or at level 3 (Established). The overall standard process is defined and used throughout the organization at this level. The average analysis gap is at a value of 1.63, which shows that the IT Governance process in the XYZ Library is already running well. The smaller the average value of the analysis gap with the expectation value, the better it is for IT management in an agency, company and other industrial fields that use IT infrastructure in hardware management, software and human resource management. For further research, we can add more process domains both in the Governance and Management areas so that the audit process with the COBIT 5 framework can be carried out comprehensively.Keywords: Maturity Level, Information Technology Governance, Library, COBIT 5