Cannabinoids are typical chemical ingredients of a Cannabis sativa L. plant. The main psychoactive ingredient of this plant is Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, whose content mostly determines the strength or potential of a cannabis product. In addition to this ingredient, the forensic analysis also includes determination of the presence and content of cannabidiol and cannabinol. Over the last couple of decades, there have been changes in chemical composition of cannabis products in many countries, and they manifest through the increase of total psychoactive potential. Monitoring of basic cannabinoids content and their mutual ratios, processed in this paper, has shown that there is a growing number of samples with high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content, while the cannabidiol (CBD) content is very low or is not present in samples at all. The THC/CBD ratio also confirms changes in plant chemotype in terms of increasing total psychoactive potential of a cannabis plant.

IzvodMetode analize u forenzici moraju biti pouzdane, kako bi rezultati analiza bili prihvaćeni kao dokaz u sudskim postupcima. Pouzdanost metoda provjerava se postupkom validacije, koji treba provesti prije uvođenja metode u rutinsku praksu laboratorije. Ovaj rad opisuje proceduru za identifikaciju biljke konoplje lat. Cannabis sativa L. i njenih preparata (smola -"hašiš", ulje), primjenom tehnike gasne hromatografije sa plameno-jonizacionim detektorom, kao i postupak validacije metode kojom se identifikuju tri osnovna kanabinoida: psihoaktivni tetrahidrokanabinol, kanabidiol i kanabinol. Postupak validacije metode obuhvata potrebnu opremu, opis zahtjevanih performansi analitičke metode, izvođenje ispitivanja, način i kriterijume vrednovanja rezultata validacije. UVODBiljka Cananbis sativa L. i proizvodi pripremljeni od ove biljke (kanabis smola -"hašiš" i kanabis ulje) najraširenija su ilegalna droga i poznati su pod nazivom kanabis preparati.[1] Karakteristični sastojci kanabis biljke su kanabinoidi, terpenofenolna jedinjenja tipa C21.[2-4] Do sada je iz kanabis biljke izolovano i identifikovano 104 kanabinoida.[5] Psihoaktivni sastojak kanabis biljke i njenih preparata je Δ 9 -tetrahidrokanabinol (u literaturi često naveden samo kao tetrahidrokanabinol -THC).Kanabis biljka uobičajeno sadrži do oko 5% THC-a, dok modifikovane biljke mogu da sadrže i preko 25% tog psihoaktivnog sastojka. Kanabis smola (hašiš) uobičajeno sadrži 20 -40% THC-a, kanabis ulje oko 60%, a visokopotentni ekstrakti i ulja mogu da sadrže 80-90% THC-a.[6-8] Istraživanja u nekim zemljama pokazuju da je sadržaj THC u kanabis biljkama u porastu.[9-11] Ovaj fenomen zapažen je i u Republici Srpskoj. [12] Zadatak forenzičke analize je da utvrdi eventualno prisustvo psihoaktivnih sastojaka u ispitivanim uzorcima. Kada su u pitanju kanabis preparati, ciljni analit je psihoaktivni sastojak tetrahidrokanabinol (THC), a kao prateći analiti identifikuju se kanabidiol (CBD) i kanabinol (CBN), ukoliko su prisutni u uzorku.Pored ostalih analitičkih tehnika i metoda za identifikaciju osnovnih kanabinoida, gasna hromatografija je tehnika izbora za analizu kanabis preparata, bilo da su u pitanju uzorci ili tragovi na priboru.Ovaj rad opisuje postupak validacije metode za identifikaciju tri osnovna kanabinoida u kanabis biljci i njenim preparatima (smola -"hašiš", ulje, ekstrakti, tinkture i sl.), primjenom analitičke tehnike gasne hromatografije sa plameno-jonizacionim detektorom. MATERIJAL I METODE Metoda gasne hromatografije sa plamenojonizacionim detektorom (GC/FID)Forenzičko ispitivanje počinje pravilnim odabirom alikvota uzorka, na osnovu izvršenih preliminarnih testova primjenom tzv. skrinig tehnika ili prema procjeni analitičara. Ekstrakcija ciljnih analita iz uzorka vrši se odgovarajućom količinom rastvarača (hloroform, toluen ili etanol), srazmjernom odvaganoj masi uzorka. Npr., uobičajene mase uzoraka za analizu su 250 mg biljnog materijala, 50 mg smole ili 25 mg ulja, za čiju ekstrakciju se obično koristi 5 ml rastvarača. Količine uzorka i rastv...

ABSTRACT. The products of the Cannabis sativa L. plant are the most widely used type of illegal drugs. In addition to growing under natural conditions, illegal breeders tend to produce, under artificial conditions, a plant with a high psychoactive potential i.e. high content of the psychoactive ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol. This paper includes the analyses results of the content of tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis plant samples seized in the Republic of Srpska from 1999 to 2008 and from 2011 to 2016, in order to monitor the psychoactive potential of the samples available on the illegal market and the assessment trends in the future. The analyses of tetrahydrocannabinol content conducted for 3.718 samples was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector according to the method of external standard. The results showed that the illegal market has samples of cannabis plant material with a noticeable difference in psychoactive ingredient content, with an increase in the number of high-potent samples. Besides the high-potent samples, health risks are caused by a great variety and sudden changes in potential of illegal drug samples, as it is necessary to continue to monitor the psychoactive potential of cannabis plants samples on the illegal market.

Introduction: Traffic accidents are a global problem, in which over 1.2 million people on the planet are killed annually. Detailed consideration of these issues is necessary in order to take appropriate preventive measures. Patients and methods: In this retrospective study we used the material of the Department of Forensic Medicine Banjaluka. We have analyzed the data of autopsies of people killed in traffic accidents during the period of 2010 -2012. We examined the gender and age distribution, type and distribution of injuries, the cause of death for certain groups of participants in traffic, and the presence of alcohol in the victims. Data on the alcohol use were obtained from the Forensic Unit of Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Srpska (gas chromatography). Results: Of 186 autopsied, 160 (86%) were male and 26 (14%) women. Two particularly vulnerable groups were the third decade of life and older age. Head injury is the most common cause of death (45.7%). Drivers (32.3%) and pedestrians (28%) were the most common victims, and in both groups the leading cause of death was head injuries. Their distribution of injuries is similar, with more frequent injuries to the spine, pelvis and lower extremities of pedestrians. Conclusion: Victims are more frequently men, and out of 60 victim drivers 58 were male! Is it because of the higher incidence of men in the group of drivers and also their behavior in traffic? Number of victim drivers probably was something higher, but unfortunately, in some cases the prosecution is not seeking for the autopsy. Of the total number of victim drivers, 41.7% belonged to the third decade of life. The most common cause of death was head injury. The two most vulnerable groups are drivers and pedestrians, with dominant head and chest injuries. Alcohol abuse is a significant part of the problem. Results of this study generally do not deviate from the data found in theworld literature.