Group-based lending programs for the poor have drawn much attention recently. As many of these programs target women, an important research question is whether program participation significantly changes reproductive behavior and whether the gender of the participant matters. Using survey data from 87 Bangladeshi villages, we estimate the impact of female and male participation in group-based credit programs on reproductive behavior while attending to issues of self-selection and endogeneity. We find no evidence that women's participation in group-based credit programs increases contraceptive use or reduces fertility. Men's participation reduces fertility and may slightly increase contraceptive use.

The blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, causes serious disease on a wide variety of grasses including rice, wheat and barley. The recognition of pathogens is an amazing ability of plants including strategies for displacing virulence effectors through the adaption of both conserved and variable pathogen elicitors. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) were reported as two main innate immune responses in plants, where PTI gives basal resistance and ETI confers durable resistance. The PTI consists of extracellular surface receptors that are able to recognize PAMPs. PAMPs detect microbial features such as fungal chitin that complete a vital function during the organism's life. In contrast, ETI is mediated by intracellular receptor molecules containing nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine rich repeat (LRR) domains that specifically recognize effector proteins produced by the pathogen. To enhance crop resistance, understanding the host resistance mechanisms against pathogen infection strategies and having a deeper knowledge of innate immunity system are essential. This review summarizes the recent advances on the molecular mechanism of innate immunity systems of rice against M. oryzae. The discussion will be centered on the latest success reported in plant-pathogen interactions and integrated defense responses in rice.

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The issues of teacher facilities and abilities are still a learning obstacle in the pandemic era. Moreover, these issues lead to the non-uniformity of the learning process implementation in early childhood education in Aceh Jaya District. This study analyzes in-depth the reality of the learning process in early childhood education in the pandemic era. This study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method. The site for the study is in Ceudah Mulia Kindergarten, Teunom District, and Al-Hidayah Kindergarten, Pasie Raya District. Data collection methods were through observation, interviews, and documentation. Analysis of research data was using Miles and Huberman model. The validity tests for the data we are using triangulation of sources and techniques. The results showed that there was a difference between Ceudah Mulia Kindergarten and Al-Hidayah Kindergarten. Ceudah Mulia Kindergarten conducts online learning via WhatsApp by giving assignments and exciting games with parental guidance. Meanwhile, Al-Hidayah Kindergarten does not use social media platforms or other online learning methods due to various limitations, such as common understanding of technology, the availability of inadequate technology facilities owned by schools and parents of students. Al-Hidayah Kindergarten conducts learning by inviting parents and assigning assignments to students, and the children's work is returned to the school for assessment. However, the role of parents in synergizing with teachers during the learning process of early childhood students in the COVID-19 pandemic situation has become key. This study illustrates that not all regions have the same access to implementing early childhood education learning in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this study have several important implications for future practice.

Model pembelajaran adalah suatu model pembelajaran yang berpusat pada anak dan di dalam lingkaran. Model pembelajaran sangat menentukan terhadap pencapaian aspek perkembangan anak usia dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang penerapan model pembelajaran sentra di TK Amani Insani Yogyakarta. Subjek penelitian menggunakan anak usia 5-6 tahun atau kelompok B, kepala sekolah, dan guru kelompok B. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Adapun teknik analisis data menggunakan model dari Miles Huberman. Uji keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi teknik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran sentra di TK Amal Insani sudah diterapkan dengan baik. Terdapat sentra persiapan, sentra bahan a;am dan cair, sentra imtaq, sentra main peran, sentra balok, seni-kreativitas dan sentra musik-olah tubuh. Faktor pendukungnya terdiri atas, kompetensi kepala sekolah, peran kepala sekolah dan kelengkapan APE (Alat Permainan Edukatif). Selanjutnya faktor yang menghambat adalah lemahnya guru yang kreatif dan lemahnya karakter guru.