In the last decade, the main Brazilian research funding agencies, CNPq and CAPES, have introduced gender projects aimed to understand the situation of women in general and in science in particular. These projects have led to an increased awareness of the problem. There is still a long way to go in the quest for equal access to opportunities and resources. This paper compares the production and quality of work of female scientists with their male colleagues in the physics and astronomy grant-funded research community in Brazil.

We have performed a combined theoretical and experimental study of the energy loss of Li ions in Zn, on a wide range of energies, together with comparative studies for H and He ions on the same target. By using Zn films and the Rutherford backscattering technique, we were able to determine the stopping power for Li ions in the ͑0.3 to 5͒ MeV energy interval. The experimental results cover an energy range which includes the maximum of the stopping power. The values obtained agree well with previous measurements performed in a limited energy interval and with the semiempirical code SRIM 2006. On the other hand, we have performed ab initio theoretical calculations based on the extended Friedel sum rule-transport cross section formulation for the valence electrons and the shellwise local plasma approximation for the inner shells. This theoretical description reproduces reasonably well the experimental results on the whole studied energy range. The same occurs with previous measurements performed with H and He on the same target. The importance of the screened potential on the stopping power due to the valence electrons is stressed in the present description.

The energy loss of helium ions in zinc has been measured in the energy range from 37.5 to 1750 keV/ amu using the transmission technique and the Rutherford backscattering method. In addition, calculations using the extended Friedel sum rule, the unitary convolution approximation, and the local plasma approximation have been performed. The contributions of the inner-shell and valence electrons to the total energy loss are separately evaluated. The measurements and calculations are in good agreement over an extended range of energies, and both of them yield stopping values higher than those provided by SRIM 2003.

Este estudo apresenta os diferentes métodos, desenvolvidos recentemente, quanto a quantificação, extração, manutenção, aplicação e fontes de antocianinas. Um dos métodos mais eficiente de extração de antocianinas a partir de fontes alimentares é a extração líquida pressurizada. As fontes, são bastante variadas e pode-se extrair antocianinas de diferentes resíduos agroindústrias, como é o caso dos bagaços de uva, da casca da jabuticaba e de juçara. A vida útil das antocianinas é afetada diretamente pela temperatura de armazenamento, sendo este um dos mais importantes fatores de degradação das antocianinas que está diretamente relacionada com o tipo de antocianina, a origem das amostras e a temperatura de armazenamento, devendo cada antocianina ser estudada de acordo com a sua origem para evitar a sua perda. Os resultados encontrados mostram a possibilidade de utilizar resíduos de frutas como fonte de compostos de antocianina para aplicações industriais, sendo estes possíveis substitutos dos corantes artificiais.