No abstract

O presente estudo é uma revisão sistemática da literatura cujo objetivo foi cartografar a tipologia de estudos empíricos realizados acerca da Identidade Profissional do professor. A pesquisa foi efetuada nas bases de dados eletrônicas ISI Web of Knowledge, ERIC, SPORTDiscus e SCOPUS entre 2001 e 2012. As equações de pesquisa foram "Professional Identity" AND "Teacher", no campo título e "Professional Identity" AND "Teacher" AND "Physical Education", no campo "Abstract", tendo sido integrados 42 artigos. A análise de conteúdo, com categorias definidas "a priori", foi a técnica utilizada: a) foco do estudo; b) ano e local de publicação; c) objetivos; d) participantes; e) instrumentos e f) principais conclusões. Os resultados evidenciaram um aumento da pesquisa na área e nas metodologias qualitativas. Estas colocam o desenvolvimento profissional como elemento central no processo de (re)construção da Identidade Profissional, sendo que ao nível do professor de Educação Física a pesquisa ainda é escassa.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to examine how Physical Education pre-service teachers construct their Professional Identity [1, 2] through their daily practices. A non-participant observation was made, included field notes, videotaping of the daily practices and interviews. The findings show that the pre-service teachers: (i) make a set of tasks: planning, class management, reflecting, participation in school activities and meetings (ii) improve their teaching skills because they're working within a community of practice (iii) experience some anxiety in the beginning of the practicum, overcome with the raise of confidence and believe that their responsibility overflows the lessons context.

Summary A successful cement placement can provide zonal isolation and environmental safety. Effective design of cement placement and mud removal affects all the stages of the wellbore life, from drilling ahead to production. Accurate predictions of fluid displacement in the wellbore are vital to design fluid properties and plan the cementing job. In this work, an analytical model is developed to simulate the displacement of fluids in eccentric annuli. This paper presents an analytical method for the solution of cement/mud displacement and evaluation of interfluid contamination during displacement in vertical eccentric annuli. This new approach starts by addressing the problem of single-fluid flow in eccentric annuli by analytically solving the governing transport equations for a flow inside an unwrapped annulus. The solution is then extended to a system of two fluids in a vertical annulus by adjusting the boundary conditions for displacement. The model is completed by adding the time-dependent calculation of interface between the two fluids, enabling the accurate determination of the amount of interfluid mixing and displacement efficiency. The analytical method proposed is used to simulate single- and multifluid flows and study the effect of fluid properties of cement, spacer, and drilling mud at different flow rates on displacement efficiency for both concentric and eccentric vertical annuli. Noting that the drilling fluids are non-Newtonian, the concept of apparent viscosity is used, accounting for variable apparent viscosity at different annular gaps. 3D computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed and the results were compared with the analytical solution. Moreover, instability of the interface in all cases was studied, and the analysis offers an understanding of the role of fluid properties and proposes applicable optimized design to enhance the displacements. The amount of interfluid mixing and contamination that occurs during the displacement was calculated for both methods. The analytical solution and CFD produce results within a 13% difference, which sufficiently validates the analytical model. Evidence was gathered to support that the improper design of fluid properties and flow rate along with a highly eccentric annulus can lead to substantial cement contamination. This can lead to underdesigning the amount of fluids to be pumped to provide a complete mud removal and an efficient cement placement. On the other hand, learnings and models developed allow the optimization of fluid properties that can lead to the best outcomes, even for a highly eccentric annulus. The present work aims to take part in addressing the undeniable importance of a complete cement displacement by means of a semianalytical solution for the fluid displacement coupled with the interface-instability analysis, attempting to provide a realistic prediction of the amount of interfluid mixing and cement contamination, along with qualitative judgements on the quality of the cementing job. This methodology is intended to offer improvement techniques for the displacement and provide enhancements for practical industrial applications.

Summary In the completion of oil and gas wells, successful cementing operations essentially require the complete removal of the drilling mud and its substitution by the cement slurry. Therefore, the displacement of one fluid by another one is a crucial task that should be designed and optimized properly to guarantee the zonal isolation and integrity of the cement sheath. Proper cementing jobs ensure safety, whereas poor displacements lead to multiple problems, including environmental aspects such as the contamination of freshwater-bearing zones. There are a number of factors, such as physical properties of fluids, geometrical specifications of the annulus, flow regime, and flow rate, that can remarkably affect the displacement efficiency. The shape of the interface plays an influential role during the displacement process. For a highly efficient displacement, the interface has to be as flat and stable as possible. However, unstable and elongated interfaces are associated with channeling phenomena, excessive mixing, cement contamination, and, consequently, unsuccessful cementing operations. Thus, the stability of the interface between the two fluids has major importance in cementing applications. In the present work, a novel method for the prediction of interface instability and displacement efficiency is introduced. Instability analyses of the interface between the two fluids are carried out following the main ideas of the original Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) and Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities. Moreover, with the same analyses, optimized designs for the improvement of the displacement process in any specific situation can be proposed. The influence of density, rheological properties, surface tension, and flow rate of the fluids on the instability and shape of the interface, and consequently on the displacement efficiency, is studied. The 3D-computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed with commercially available CFD software to study several displacement cases. To validate the results, numerous experiments were conducted for fluids with various combinations of physical properties and operational conditions. For one of the inefficient displacement cases, an optimized design is provided on the basis of a study of the instability of the interface, and the improvements are validated by CFD simulations. The results present the effect of fluid properties, geometrical configurations, and flow rate on the instability of the interface and displacement efficiency. A reasonably good agreement between the results of all approaches presented in the paper is observed, and they all emphasize the importance of the proper selection of fluid properties and flow rates for any specific sequence—to minimize the degree of contamination and mixing. The discussions and results of this work provide insight into the displacement process, beneficial guidelines for industrial applications, and compelling evidence of the importance of correct predictions and appropriate designs of the displacement of fluids in cementing operations.