Stabilized zirconia is a promising material due to its great physical and chemical properties, and thermal stability. In this work, MgO was used as a stabilizer in ZrO2 to obtain Magnesia Partially Stabilized Zirconia (MSZ) nanomaterials assisted with PEG as a template through conventional mixing process. Zirconium hydroxides prepared from local zircon and MgCO3 were used as MSZ precursors. Meanwhile, the stabilizer concentration was varied from 1 to 4 wt% of ZrO2. The effect of the stabilizer concentration and the calcination temperature to the crystallinity and the morphological properties of the MSZ nanoparticles were studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ZrO2 content in the zirconium hydroxides precursors is accounting 89.52 wt% of the total and exhibits the dominant m-phase at 1000 °C. Meanwhile, the tetragonal and the monoclinic phases were formed in all MSZ samples at a temperature of 800–1000 °C. The as-synthesized MSZ samples show typical FT-IR spectra, consisting of the metal–oxygen bonds at below 500 cm−1 and the organic functional groups ranging at 1000–3000 cm−1. The ZrO2 morphologies exhibit spherical-like shapes with elongated agglomeration at 800 °C. In addition, the average particle sizes of the final product ranges from 20 to 50 nm. At a sintering temperature of 1500 °C, MSZ samples show the monoclinic phase of ZrO2 and densities in the range of 3.95–4.14 g/cm3.

Antibacterial glaze coating on ceramic tiles with TiO2 additive was conducted to meet environmental sanitation needs. Raw materials used were commercial glaze 107, silica sand, and 0-5% weight of TiO2 powder. The glaze mixture was added with distilled water and ground in an alumina pot mill for 24 hours. The glaze mass was coated on the green body, dried and then burned at a temperature of 1200°C with a holding time of 2 hours. On the glazed tiles, there was a layer of glass with an amorphous structure based on the X-Ray Diffraction results. The addition of TiO2 caused an increase in opacity but decreased visual white color. Glaze antibacterial properties were tested for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The addition of TiO2 caused resistance to two types of bacteria, both for raw and burned glaze. The TiO2 inhibition was similar to amoxicillin as a positive control. It had a greater resistance to S. aureus than E. coli bacteria. The largest inhibitory diameter value of 7.7 mm obtained by 5% TiO2 glaze powder burnt against S. aureus bacteria. Glaze coating on the tile caused a greater inhibition diameter of 24.75 mm for 1% TiO2 burned glazed.

Salah satu proses penyempurnaan yang dapat dilakukan pada kain kapas adalah sifat tahan air menggunakan bahan kimia dan teknik tertentu sehingga permukaan kain menjadi kasar atau memiliki energi permukaan yang rendah. Seng oksida (ZnO) dan asam stearat merupakan zat kimia yang dapat digunakan pada penyempurnaan tahan air dan diaplikasikan pada permukaan kain kapas dengan teknik penyemprotan dan perendaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari sintesis ZnO dari seng klorida dan natrium hidroksida serta kemampuannya bersama asam stearat dalam meningkatkan tahan air kain kapas dengan memodifikasi teknik coating yaitu kombinasi antara teknik penyemprotan dan perendaman. Struktur kristal ZnO hasil sintesis diamati menggunakan X-ray Diffraction (XRD), kain kapas setelah penyempurnaan tahan air diamati permukaannya menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), kapasitas daya serap air dievaluasi dengan menggunakan cara uji daya serap bahan tekstil, sedangkan sudut kontak air diukur dengan menggunakan metode sessile. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ZnO dan asam stearat yang diaplikasikan pada kain kapas dengan teknik penyemprotan-perendaman dapat meningkatkan ketahanan daya serap air lebih dari 3.600 detik dan sudut kontak air lebih dari 90 o .

Due to the colloidal silica has many applications such as coating, a catalyst precursor, a nano-size filler, investment casting, semiconductor wafer polishing, and an inorganic binder, it still attracting to be studied. The colloidal silica layer has been coated on a glass substrate using the spray-coating process. Two kinds of colloidal silica were prepared, i.e., the colloidal silica formed by mixing of nano-silica from Balai Besar Keramik (BKK) and the silane hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and the colloidal silica polishing Mastermet (0.06 mm) commercial as a comparison. The HMDS percent was varied at 10, 20, and 30 vol.%. The contact angle measurement obtained the hydrophobic properties of the samples, and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer measured the transmittance samples. A water contact angle of 94.9° is achieved at 10% HMDS. For all samples, the transmittance of the before and after coated glass substrate can reach an average of 89% to 90%. From this study, it is concluded that the BBK nano-silica has met the commercial requirements that are the hydrophobic property in the contact angle and the transmittance.

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