Objective: Moringa oleifera is a medicinal plant species that has potential as an antidiabetic. The present study was designed to evaluated molecullar mechanism antidiabetic ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves (EAFML). Methods:The study was conducted on 30 male wistar rats which were induced with the combination of streptozotocin and nicotinamide by intraperitoneal administration to make a model of type 2 diabetes. After the diabetic induction, all rats were divided into six group and once daily administered orally EAFML in doses standardized quercetine. The treatment was given for ten days, and on the final treatment, all rats were checked their blood glucose level and lipid profile. The skeletal muscles and liver were taken to examine glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) expression by immunohistochemistry. Results:The result of this study shows that the blood glucose level in diabetic rats with the treatment of EAFML decreased significantly from 355.8±83.7 mg/dL to 177.5±89.3 mg/dL. The cholesterol decreased significantly from 105.2±47.4 mg/dL to 58.6±6.9 mg/dL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in diabetic rats with the treatment of EAFML decreased significantly compared to control group from 175.6±41.9 mg/dL to 95.3±8.0 mg/dL. The expression of GLUT4 in skeletal muscles increased from 0.7±1.0 to 3.9±1.1 and in the liver increased significantly from 1.8±1.3 to 2.9±1.9. Conclusion:The EAFML can decrease blood glucose level, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein in type 2 diabetic rat model. Other than that, this fraction can improve insulin sensitivity by the increase of GLUT4 expressions.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of diseases in the form of disorders in the body's metabolism clinically. Peperomia pellucida herbs have phytochemical containing which is antidiabetic potential development. Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the antidiabetic activity of ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Peperomia pellucida. Material and Methods: This research was conducted by make diabetic mice with 50 mg/kg.bw of streptozotocin induction, which was then treated with ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Peperomia pellucida with doses 250 mg/kgbw for 7 days.  Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Peperomia pellucida reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic mice due to streptozotocin induction. The n-hexane fraction of Peperomia pellucida can lower blood glucose levels as much 244.00 ± 18.99 mg/dL better than the ethanol extract, which is 99.50 ± 28.17 mg/dL. Conclusions: Peperomia pellucida herb has the potential to be developed as an antidiabetic agent.

The development of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, is influenced by the important role of postprandial blood glucose. One strategy for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia is inhibiting the digestion of dietary carbohydrates through inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes. A natural alpha-amylase enzyme inhibition strategy that utilizes natural ingredients is an important alternative in the development of antidiabetic drugs. Peperomia pellucida herb is one of the plants which can be potentially be developed as an antidiabetic. This study aims to examine the effects of antidiabetic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Peperomia pellucida in inhibiting the alpha-amylase enzyme. The research was conducted by determining the total flavonoid content using the quercetin standard. Antidiabetic studies were carried out by reducing sugar produced from the hydrolysis starch determined by colorimetric assay with dinitrosalicylic reagent. The activity of extract and fraction of Peperomia pellucida in inhibiting alpha-amylase enzyme were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer instrument. Total flavonoid content was calculated by entering the absorbance value into the standard quercetin curve, while the IC50 value of in vitro antidiabetic activity was determined by entering the value 50 on the curve between the sample concentration and % inhibition of the alpha-amylase enzyme. The results showed that the total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of Peperomia pellucida were 88.24±3.07 mg QE/g extract and 80.45±2.81 mg QE/g fraction, respectively. Based on the results, the inhibition of the alpha-amylase enzyme showed that the ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of Peperomia pellucida had an inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of the ethanol extract 1066.20 μg/mL and the ethyl acetate fraction 907.19 μg/mL. Meanwhile, the control of acarbose showed an IC50 value of 499.96 μg/mL. Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Peperomia pellucida herbs have an antidiabetic activity with the mechanism of inhibiting the activity of alpha-amylase enzyme, but the activity is lower than acarbose.

Salmonelosis is a disease caused by the Salmonella sp. that causes a decrease in CD4+ expression. Black grape can boost the immune system through CD4+/CD8+ proliferation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of black grape extract to CD4+ and CD8+ expression in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Research method is extract of black grapes, Salmonella typhimurium 108 infection, bacterial evaluation, extract therapy, flowcytometery examination, and 95% Anova test. The results of Anova test showed that the expression of CD4+ and CD8+ is not different. Biologically, an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ expression at doses of 100 mg/KgBB. A decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ expression at doses of 200 mg/KgBB and 400 mg/KgBB. Conclusion, biologically, black grape extract can increase the expression of CD4+ and CD8+ at low doses, as well as may decrease the expression of CD4+ and CD8+ at moderate to high doses.

Inflammation is a normal process designed to protect oneself and promote healing of body tissues. The mechanism of action of flavonoids as antiinflammatory is through the inhibition of arachidonic acid and the secretion of lysosomal enzymes. The ethanol extract of Mangifera indica L. leaves (EEML) contains flavonoids and is widely used as a medicine empirically. This study was conducted to evaluate the antiinflammatory effect of EEML in vitro and in vivo. In vitro study of the antiinflammatory activity of EEML based on its effect on the stability of blood membranes using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. While the in vivo activity was tested using the carrageenan induction method on white rats of the Wistar strain. In vitro activity was expressed as EC50 and in vivo activity was expressed as % edema reduction. The results showed that ethanol extract was able to increase membrane stability with an EC50 value of 8.56 ?g/ml better than positive control aspirin with EC50 21.57 ?g/ml. In vivo test results showed that the administration of EEML doses of 200 mg/kg.bw, 400 mg/kg.bw, and 800 mg/kg.bw was not significantly different from the positive control in reducing edema. EEML has shown antiinflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo, so it has the potential to be developed as an antiinflammatory agent.