Acute confusional states (delirium) occur in up to 80% of patients in the intensive care unit. Delirium is an important independent prognostic determinant of hospital outcome, including duration of mechanical ventilation, nursing home placement, functional decline and death. Additionally, it may herald systemic diseases such as sepsis and multi-organ failure. Recently, a number of new screening instruments have been validated for the monitoring of delirium in non-communicative patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Critical care patients should be routinely assessed for delirium and treated immediately using available preventive and therapeutic measures, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, to improve the clinical course.
In recent times preoperative anxiety is again discussed as an important influential factor for perioperative complications. The anaesthesiologist may be important to identify and control the patients' anxiety although his time while on premedication visit is rather limited. The present article deals with the different aspects of preoperative anxiety, argues about possible psychological and physiological characteristics of anxiety and describes conventionally used psychophysiological testing for the identification of anxiety. Referring to the literature, different therapeutical options are given. Psychological techniques for reducing and controlling preoperative anxiety might be an important topic for further research, especially as far as their influence on perioperative morbidity and mortality is concerned.
ZusammenfassungDie Therapie psychosozialer Krisen ist keine Notarztindikation im klassischen Sinne. Dennoch kommen Notärzte und Rettungsassistenten tagtäglich mit akuten Belastungssituationen in Kontakt.Hier besteht die Chance,die potentielle Entstehung von psychiatrischen Erkrankungen und ihre Folgen frühzeitig zu erkennen und den Betroffenen präventive Hilfe anzubieten.Der nachfolgende Artikel beschreibt anhand einer "psychischen Rettungskette" ein Modell, wie Ersthelfer und professionelle Rettungsdienste einen Beitrag zur Verhinderung von chronischen Erkrankungen leisten können.Er stellt die These zur Diskussion, dass durch die Einbindung von Kriseninterventionsdiensten, Notfallseelsorge und psychosozialen Hilfsdiensten in akutmedizinische Strukturen ein nicht zu unterschätzender Beitrag zur Gesundheitsförderung geleistet werden kann und gibt Hilfestellung zur Umsetzung erster wichtiger Schritte.
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