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Efficient Nd:Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (Nd:YAG) lasers were demonstrated using gradient-index crystal fibers. A laser output power of 145 mW was achieved along with a slope efficiency of 28.9%. Up to 40% higher Nd ion concentration compared to that in the source rod at the center of the crystal fiber was obtained. Measurement by low-coherence reflectometry indicated an index difference of 0.0284 between the center and the edge of the crystal fiber.