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This paper summarizes the mitigation strategies for the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. The mitigation strategies function at the material level, cell level, and system level. A time-sequence map with states and flows that describe the evolution of the physical and/or chemical processes has been proposed to interpret the mechanisms, both at the cell level and at the system level. At the cell level, the time-sequence map helps clarify the relationship between thermal runaway and fire. At the system level, the time-sequence map depicts the relationship between the expected thermal runaway propagation and the undesired fire pathway. Mitigation strategies are fulfilled by cutting off a specific transformation flow between the states in the time sequence map. The abuse conditions that may trigger thermal runaway are also summarized for the complete protection of lithium-ion batteries. This perspective provides directions for guaranteeing the safety of lithium-ion batteries for electrical energy storage applications in the future.

This article reports the thermal runaway mechanism of a 25-Ah large-format lithium-ion battery without internal short circuit induced by Joule heat. In this condition, chemical crosstalk is believed to be the mechanism. Specifically, cathode-produced oxygen is consumed by the anode with great heat generation. This finding is important for better design of LIBs to avoid thermal runaway via the optimization of all battery components.