Background Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer alkylating group (nitrogen mustard) and a prodrug that will be metabolized to form its active metabolite, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4-OHCP). The various enzymes involved in its bioactivation can cause a wide range of CP expression and activity among patients and ultimately affect the metabolism, efficacy and toxicity of this drug. The effectiveness of CP therapy can be determined by 4-OHCP level in dried blood spot (DBS). Aim The purpose of this study was to conduct the phenotyping of CP 4-hydroxylation rate in Malay cancer patients. Methodology Phenotyping study of CP 4-hydroxylation rate to 40 subjects of Malay cancer patients was done based on the value of its bioactivity ratio (4-OHCP to CP levels). Results The result shown the cyclophosphamide 4-hydroxylation rate of 80% (n=32) subjects as ultrarapid metabolizer (UM) and 20% (n=8) as poor metabolizer (PM). Conclusion Phenotyping study of CP 4-hydroxylation in Malay cancer patients can be conducted by quantifying CP bioactivity ratio (4-OHCP to CP level) in dried blood spot. In majority of Malay cancer patients, cyclophosphamide would be bioactivated through 4-hydroxylation in hepar rapidly as indicated by the high value of the bioactivity ratio or the increased CP clearance and 4-OHCP level.

Objective: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is anticancer of the alkylating agent (nitrogen mustard) and a prodrug which will be metabolized into an active metabolite form, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4-OHCP). Therefore, the effectiveness of therapy with CP is determined by its metabolites concentration. The purpose of this study was to obtain a validated analytical method of CP and 4-OHCP simultaneously and sensitively in dried blood spots with SIL (Stable Isotope Labeled) 4-OHCP-d4 as the internal standard using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, so optimization and full validation are conducted in this research. Methods: A simpler analytical method was developed and validated to quantify CP and 4-OHCP in DBS samples using an Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A linear regression was used as the statistical analysis method. Sample preparation was performed by protein precipitation using methanol. The separation was performed on UPLC H-Class BEH C18 column using formic acid 0.01%-acetonitrile as the mobile phase in gradient mode at 0.2 ml/minute. The mass detection was performed on Waters Xevo TQD using ESI+for CP, 4-OHCP-SCZ, and IS 4-OHCP-d4-SCZ with m/z value: 261.03>140.16; 334.10>221.04; and 338.10>225.06. Results: This method was linear within the range of 10–40,000 ng/ml for CP and 5–4,000 ng/ml for 4-OHCP. Lower Limit of Quantification (LLOQ) concentration of CP was 10 ng/ml and 4-OHCP was 5 ng/ml. Conclusion: This method has successfully fulfilled the validation requirement referring to the 2011 EMA and 2018 FDA guidelines.

ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Aerosol adalah partikel cair yang terdispersi di udara dan mengandung partikel virus. Seseorang yang terinfeksi dengan SARS-CoV-2 ketika bernafas berat, bersin, atau batuk, partikel virus SARS-CoV-2 akan diekskresikan. Salah satu upaya pengendalian infeksi adalah penggunaan masker oleh seluruh masyarakat, berbagai studi eksperimental telah melaporkan masker bedah medis dapat melindungi pemakainya dari berbagai infeksi atau kemungkinan menularkan infeksi. Tujuan: Menggabungkan studi dengan desain kasus kontrol dan analisis risiko (risk ratio/RR) dari penggunaan masker wajah dan infeksi COVID-19 untuk mengetahui efektivitasnya dalam mencegah penularan COVID-19. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah metaanalisis. Pencarian basis data dilakukan dari bulan Mei-September 2021. Basis data termasuk PubMed, Google Scholar, NIH, CDC, dan Science Direct. Kata kunci untuk ulasan ini antara lain: "COVID and face mask" AND ", "effectivity" AND "aerosol and face mask", "casecontrol" AND " face mask and COVID-19". Seluruh artikel secara kuantitatif akan dianalisis menggunakan Review Manager 5.3.

Background:The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global economic crisis. Experts predict that some developing countries are likely to experience food insecurity. Food insecurity has a causal relationship with poor mental health status regardless of socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics. Objective: To explain the impact of food insecurity on mental health problems as well as alternative solutions offered based on experiences and past published pandemic events from various countries. Methods: Articles were searched through the database from February -March 2022 through PUBMED and Google Scholar. The keywords used are "Food insecurity AND mental health AND COVID-19" OR "food insecurity AND COVID-19" OR ("Food Insecurity"[Mesh]) AND "Mental Health" [Mesh]. Assessment of study quality using NEWCASTLE -OTTAWA QUALITY ASSESSMENT SCALE COHORT STUDIES Result: Stress due to food insecurity in the household is more at risk for women. Research reports that food insecurity can trigger mental health disorders in the form of stress and depression 1.5 to 4 times. During the COVID-19 pandemic, food insecurity occurred as a result of regional closures, difficult access to food, economic constraints and the double burden on women in their obligation to provide food for their families and work outside the home to increase family income. Conclusion: Governments in various countries must maintain the supply and stability of staple food prices, maintain economic stability and provide assistance to economically affected communities.

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