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It is difficult to investigate the formation process and occurrence states of water in multi-type reservoirs, due to the strong heterogeneity and complex microstructure of the fracture-cavity carbonate gas reservoirs. To date, there is no systematic study on the occurrence characteristics of multi-type formation water, especially through visual observation experiments. In this paper, a new creation method for visual micromodels based on CT scan images and microelectronic photolithography techniques was described. Subsequently, a gas-drive-water visual experiment was conducted to intuitively study the formation mechanism and the occurrence states of formation water. Then, the ImageJ gray analysis method was utilized to quantitatively investigate the gas-water saturation and the proportion of residual water film. Finally, the occurrence characteristics of formation water and its effects on gas seepage flow were comprehensively analyzed. Visual experimental results showed that: the migration processes of natural gas in different types of reservoirs are different; the water in multiple media consists of native movable water and residual water, and residual water is composed of secondary movable water and irreducible water; the residual water mainly occurs in different locations of different reservoirs with the forms of "water film", "water mass", "water column" and "water droplets"; the main influencing factors are capillary force, surface tension, displacement pressure and channel connectivity. Quantitative results reflect that the saturation of movable water and residual water are the parameters related directly to reservoir physical properties, pore structure and displacement pressure-the smaller the size of flow channel, the larger the space occupied by water film; the thickness proportion of water film is increasing exponentially with the channel size; the thickness proportion of water film decreases as the increase of displacement pressure; the thickness proportion of water film is essentially constant when the displacement pressure increases to a certain extent. The conducted visual investigation not only improves our intuitive understanding of the occurrence characteristics of formation water, but also provides a theoretical basis for the efficient development of fracture-cavity gas reservoirs.

Poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) exhibit better durability, processability, and mechanical stability than ionic liquids. PIL self-assembly in green solvents is a well-established strategy for preparing polyelectrolytes. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) has proven to be the most controllable method for synthesizing polyelectrolytes. However, there have been few reports on preparing high-order morphology PILs by RAFT-PISA. A new type of ionic monomer, 1-butyl-3-(4-vinylbenzyl)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BVBIm][PF6]), was prepared from substitution reaction and ion exchange reaction of 1-butylimidazole and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride. Herein, various morphologies, including spheres, worms, and vesicles, were easily obtained via RAFT ethanolic dispersion polymerization using poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA43) as the macromolecular chain transfer agent and [BVBIm][PF6] as the monomer. Dispersion polymerization kinetic experiments, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the PDMA43-b-P([BVBIm][PF6]) x block nanoparticles. This efficient RAFT-PISA method for preparing functionalized PIL nano-objects with controlled morphologies represents significant progress in this field.