Abstract. Hapida Y, Elfita, Widjajanti H, Salni. 2021. Biodiversity and antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from jambu bol (Syzygium malaccense). Biodiversitas 22: 5668-5677. Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria are still high. The existence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics makes it necessary to search for new antibacterial substances from plants and microorganisms. Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr and Perry (Myrtaceae), known as jambu bol, has been used as a traditional medicine in Indonesia and other countries. It is used to treat pathogenic bacterial infections. Therefore, this study aims to determine the diversity of endophytic fungi and their potential as antibacterial compound sources compared to their host plants. Specifically, screening for endophytic fungi that have antibacterial activities is intended. In this study, endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves, stem bark, and root bark of the host plants. Each isolate was identified morphologically and cultivated in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium for four weeks. After the incubation period, the liquid culture was extracted with ethyl acetate and evaporated to obtain a concentrated extract. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of each endophytic fungal extract and the host plant parts extract. The concentration used was 400µg/mL and the antibiotic was used as a positive control (Tetracycline) is 30µg/mL. Seven endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves (YD1, YD2, YD3, YD4, YD6, YD7, Y2D1), seven from the stem bark (YB1, YB2, YB3, YB4, YB5, Y2B5, and Y2B6 ), and six from the root bark (YA1, YA2, YA3, YA4, YA5, Y2A2). The endophytic fungi were morphologically identified, and the isolates were shown to be dominated by genera from the Ascomycota (e.g., Poaceascoma, Cladorrhinum, Penicillium, Madurella, Phytophthora, Phialemonium, Monascus, Trichoderma, Ramophialophora, Gliocladium, Wiesneriomyces) and the Zygomycota (e.g., Mucor, Mortierella, and Gongronella) phyla. The fungi isolates Y2D1, YB1, and YA4 were shown to have the highest (strong) antibacterial activity equivalent to their hosts in the performed screening. Endophytic fungi have significant and continued antibacterial activities that have been identified molecularly.

Natural bioactive substances have been discovered produced of intracellular fungi. Intracellular fungi, as well as endophytic fungi, it can be found in organs are leaves, stems, roots, fruits, flowers, and seeds. This study aimed to specify for antioxidant activity of intracellular fungi Jambu Bol (Syzygium malaccense) mediated and identify secondary metabolites compounds. The liquid culture was partitioned with ethyl acetate solvent. Using chromatographic techniques, extracts were separated from their secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity apply the DPPH procedure. Its chemical structure was determined using NMR spectroscopic research, and endophytic fungi were recognized using phenotypic characteristics and molecular classification. The endophytic fungus isolation yielded four isolates: YF11, YF12, YF13, and YF14. YF12, with an IC50 of 53.03 g/mL, was the fungus that exhibited good antioxidant activity. Pure chemical secondary metabolites compounds were identified as 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methoxytetrahydrofuran-3-ol. Tritirachium oryzae was identified as the endophytic fungus YF12 based on morphological studies and a phylogenetic tree. To boost its antioxidant activity, more study is needed to perform a semi-synthetic reaction on this pure molecule.

Biolarvicide is the larvicide derived from plants and relatively safe. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pletekan leaf powder (Ruellia tuberosa), mimosa (Mimosa pudica), papaya (Carica papaya), and guava (Psidium guajava) on Culex quiquefasciatus larval mortality. The method was an experimental with a completely randomized design consisted of 5 treatments (0 gr, 0,25 gr, 0,5 gr, 0,75 gr, and 1 gr) and 5 repetitions for each plant. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Based on the results, leaf powder used in the study, namely guava leaves powder (1 gr), mimosa (1 gr), leaves of pletekan (1 gr), and leaves of papaya (1 gr) showed a very significant effect (P < 0,05) on Culex quiquefasciatus larval mortality. It can be concluded that the pletekan, mimosa, papaya, and guava had the potential as biolarvicide of Culex quinquefasciatus.

Education plays an important role in the intellectual life of the nation from time to time so, thereis a needs to do an effort to improve the quality of education. Improving the quality of educationcan be seen from the success of formal education in the form of student learning outcomes toimprove the quality of education and the development of teaching systems. Currently manykinds of learning models aims to improve the quality of learning to be better one of them is acooperative model. In using the learning model sometimes teachers have to adjust to thecondition and atmosphere of the classroom. As an alternative that can be applied is a modelcooperative type student facilitator and explaining. This research aims to know the influence ofcooperative model of student facilitator and explaining type to the science process skill of VIIstudents of MTs Negeri 2 Palembang Which was held in August 2016.. This research designuses posttest-Only control design with quasi-experiment method. The study population is 192students with the sample of research which amounted to 64 students. The average result of thisresearch is 83,43 and the control class is 79,37. Normality test results of 0.142 <0.05 andhomogeneous test results of 0.268 <0.05 which means the data is normal and homogeneous. The result of t-test calculation is 4.686 > 1.66980 or P-value (sig) is 0.000, because P-value <á, Ha is accepted and H is rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that cooperative model ofstudent facilitator and explaining type have an effect on science process skill of VII students of MTs Negeri 2 Palembang

Tetragonula laeviceps belongs to a class of stingless bees that can produce honey. Tetragonula laeviceps honey contains compounds that are antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of stingless bee honey on the growth of the bacteria Salmonella typhi that causes typhus, Escherichia coli causes diarrhea, and Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infections, and can contribute to Eubacteria material in class X SMA. This research was conducted at the Biology Education Laboratory, State Islamic University Raden Fatah Palembang. The method used was a completely randomized design (CRD), an experimental study with 5 repetitions divided into 4 treatments (3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%), and 1% tetracycline as positive control with distilled water as diluent. The results of this study were that the 9% concentration treatment showed the greatest effect. The size of the inhibition zone of 9% honey Tetragonula laeviceps for Salmonella typhi was 1.23 mm, Escherichia coli was 3.68 mm, and Staphylococcus aureus was 3.09 mm. The resulting inhibition zone has a weak category because it is < 5 mm. Based on the analysis of the calculations carried out by the One Way ANOVA test for each bacteria, which has a value of 0.00 <0.05, which means that each treatment has a significant effect, then proceed with the Duncan Significant Distance Difference (BJND) test, where the DMRT results for honey bee treatment stingless was smaller than the mean diameter of the positive control, which meant that each treatment of stingless bee honey was very significantly different from the positive control. This shows that Tetragonula laeviceps honey has the effectiveness of inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus.