Geochemistry and quality parameters of dug and tube well water of Khipro, District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

Abstract

Thirty-nine (23 dug and 16 tube well) samples were geochemically evaluated and investigated to ascertain the quality of water in Khipro, Sindh. The analytical results exhibited abundance of major cations and anions in Na ? [ Ca 2? [ Mg 2? [ K ? and Cl-[ HCO 3-[ SO 4 2sequence. Stiff diagram showed dug well sample have high Na-Cl and moderate Mg-SO 4 content as compared to tube well samples. Majority of dug well samples appeared as Na-Cl type on Piper diagram while tube well samples are mixed type. Gibbs diagram reflected evaporation as a dominant phenomenon in dug well; however, tube well samples are declined toward rock dominance. Process of ion exchange was witnessed from Na ? versus Cland Ca 2? ? Mg 2? versus HCO 3-? SO 4 2plots. Principal component analysis also discriminates dug well and tube well water by means of positive and negative loading based on physical and chemical composition of the groundwater. Studied and computed parameters like pH, EC, TDS, TH, Na ? , K ? , Ca 2? , Mg 2? , Cl-, SO 4 2-, HCO 3-, sodium adsorption ratio, magnesium adsorption ratio, potential salinity, residual sodium carbonate, Na%, Kelly's ratio, and permeability index were compared with WHO to evaluate studied water for drinking and agricultural purposes. Except Na ? and K ? , all chemical constrains are within the allowed limits, set by WHO for drinking water. Similarly, most of the groundwater is moderately suitable for irrigation uses, with few exceptions.

Risk assessment of heavy metals and salts for human and irrigation consumption of groundwater in Qambar city: a case study

“…Groundwater is affected by Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and HCO 3 − substances in water and soil. The measure for considering the permeability of water for crops is based on PI (Bashir et al, Huda, Naseem, Hamza, & Kaleem, 2015). The PI is determined as follows:…”

Water quality and physical hydrogeology of the Amarapura township, Mandalay, Myanmar

“…In this study, the water quality of the Amarapura Aquifer was examined to determine if the main source of pollution is wastewater. Na-Cl water types have been observed in many groundwater systems that were contaminated with urban wastewaters (Bashir et al 2015;Hassane et al 2016;Lee et al 2010). In this study, Na-Cl water types were observed, and water quality parameters determined elevated levels of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chloride, nitrate, ammonium, and E. coli.…”

Climate Change Impact on the Evolution of the Saline Lakes of the Soan-Sakaser Valley (Central Salt Range; Pakistan): Evidences from Hydrochemistry and Water (δD, δ18O) and Chlorine (δ37Cl) Stable Isotopes

“…Figure 4d shows a positive relationship between Na + and Cl − concentrations, with all water samples plotting above the 1:1 line. This indicates that most of the Na + is captured along water flows poor in Cl − [18]. In Figure 4e, Na + +K + increases in parallel with Cl − + SO4 2− , hinting at a common source for these ions and by extension to the presence of Na2SO4 and K2SO4 Salts [1].…”

“…The isotope ratios are reported as per mil deviation (δD, δ 18 O or δ 37 Cl) of the D/ 1 H, 18 O/ 16 O ratios relative to SMOW (H and O isotope systematics) and ISL-354 standards (Cl isotopes), according to the equations:…”

“…Until now, research in Pakistan has focused on the characterization of groundwater resources (e.g., [14,15]), water quality (e.g., [16][17][18][19]), and water management (e.g., [20,21]). However, to our knowledge, the environmental quality of the Uchhali complex (UC) wetlands around the Soan-Sakesar valley (Salt Range) have received little attention, and in particular studies based on a geochemical approach are scarce.…”