Inflammatory Profiles of the Interleukin Family and Network in Cerebral Hemorrhage

Abstract

Cerebral hemorrhage is a series of devastating cerebrovascular diseases with high mortality, morbidity and recurrence rate. Localized and systemic immuno-reactions are involved. Aggregation of immunocytes, which were both recruited from the peripheral circulation and resident in the central nervous system, is induced and activated by hematoma-related blood components. Subsequently, various cytokines, chemokines, free radicals and toxic chemicals are secreted to participant host defense responses. Among these, neuro-inflammation plays critical roles in both the pathologic processes of secondary injuries and recovery of neural damages. Numerous treatment strategies have been proposed, aiming at controlling the balance between anti- and proinflammation. Here, we summarized our current understanding and potential clinical applications for cytokines of the interleukin family in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic stroke. In addition, we conducted protein-protein network, gene ontology and KEGG analysis on the interleukins using online bioinformatic tools to further elaborate the comprehensive mechanisms of interleukins in cerebral hemorrhage.

Changes in peripheral blood cytokines in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome

“…27 , 28 The above results were similar to previously reported studies. 13 , 14 , 28 Serum levels of IL‐8 were lower in the SFTSV‐infected patient group than the control group, possibly because IL‐8 functions as an immunological inflammatory regulatory factor in complex cytokine networks of body systems, the result was similar to that of Zhang et al 29 , 30 After the onset of the disease, IL‐6 had a gradual increase between three and seven days, and IL‐8 and IL‐10 had the same trends between three and nine days. We inferred that levels of these cytokines saw dramatic changes in the infection process.…”

Systematic Understanding of Mechanism of Yi-Qi-Huo-Xue Decoction Against Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke Using a Network Pharmacology Approach

“…Cytokines such as ILs, TNF, IFN, and TGFB1 have been verified to be important factors of secondary neuronal injury and neurological dysfunction after hemorrhage, which affect the activation and function of multiple immune cells to regulate the synthesis of multiple cells (e.g., white blood cells and endothelial cells), surface adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM1 and CDH1), and the release of inflammatory metabolites and oxygen free radicals, changing BBB function and integrity, and thus jointly affecting the disease process. In contrast, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β seem to aggravate cerebral injury, while TGFB1, IL-10, and IFN are neuroprotective [ 53 – 56 ]. In addition, MMPs (e.g., MMP2 and MMP9) are associated with hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolysis following cerebral infarction and BBB injury, and are closely associated with poor prognosis in post-ICH stroke [ 57 , 58 ].…”

A simple lectin-based biochip might display the potential clinical value of glycomics in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

“…We compared both the serum concentrations of two 5 [4][5][6][7][8][9] MMSE [IQR] 20 [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] 26 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] 19 [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] 25 [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] 19 [16][17][18][19][20] 25 [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]** 19 [17][18][19][20]…”