Nanometer-scale features on micrometer-scale surface texturing: A bone histological, gene expression, and nanomechanical study

The Synergistic Effect of Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Micrometer/Nanometer Surface Texturing on Bone Healing around Immediately Placed Implants: An Experimental Study in Dogs

“…This ideal scenario may be disrupted by a variety of reasons that include soft tissue migrating and disrupting the fibrin bridge as well as blood clot contracting usually away from the implant surface towards the socket and/or osteotomy wall leaving an interrupted pathway for cell migration towards the implant surface [6]. Through the utilization of a DAE surface that presents micrometer scale texture and the Ossean surface that presents micrometer and nanometer scales texture [31], the study design provided the opportunity to test the hypothesis that the implant surfaces could influence osseointegration in the natural healing scenario (blood clot filled extraction sockets) and when a mechanically robust tissue engineered scaffold interposed the implant and socket walls facilitating the establishment of a seamless pathway between implant surface and socket wall. The study design employing a split-mouth arrangement between the contralateral presence or absence of L-PRF for implant surfaces placed in the same contralateral socket (distal or mesial depending on animal sequence) allowed direct comparison between groups that were nested within the same animal subject.…”

Osseointegration: Hierarchical designing encompassing the macrometer, micrometer, and nanometer length scales

“…Experimental studies should be conducted to further address the relative contributions of nanoscale texture and surface chemistry to the bonding of bone to implant surfaces [151]. Another histometric, nanomechanical, and gene expression study conducted in a rodent model unequivocally showed higher BIC, bone mechanical properties (hardness and modulus of elasticity), and osteogenic gene expression for the OSS surface as compared to its predecessor, indicating that the nanoscale surface indeed modulates osteoblastic cell response, leading to faster osseointegration and bone mechanical property achievement [153]. Finally, the OSS surface, when evaluated in immediate extraction socket implants, was able to maintain higher levels of bone attachment at the buccal flange relative to implants presenting a smooth cervical region [154].…”

Electrochemically designed interfaces: Hydroxyapatite coated macro-mesoporous titania surfaces

“…While surface roughness of mm to 10 m scale contributes to primary long-term mechanical stability [54], roughness of 10-1 m contributes to biological fixation of the implant surface to the bone [54] and roughness of 1-100 nm scale enables adsorption of proteins and adhesion of osteoblastic cells [55] with various molecular processes taking place at the implant-tissue interface [56][57][58][59][60] Cellular adhesion to titania has been demonstrated to be a function of surface roughness, where the cells adhere to the surface through integrin receptors, causing changes in the cytoskeleton and thus leading to new gene expression [61]. Studies on this matter suggest that the substrate based conformational changes in cell shape affect membrane fluidity and calcium ion channels, altering gene expression and leading to attainment of a more advanced cellular development [22,56,61]. Osteoblasts, through nanometer to micron range (0.14-1.15 m) interactions with their environment, have been shown to attain osteointegration [22,56,61].…”

“…Studies on this matter suggest that the substrate based conformational changes in cell shape affect membrane fluidity and calcium ion channels, altering gene expression and leading to attainment of a more advanced cellular development [22,56,61]. Osteoblasts, through nanometer to micron range (0.14-1.15 m) interactions with their environment, have been shown to attain osteointegration [22,56,61]. Therefore, although the ideal porosity for the bone making cells of 10-50 m in size may still be a debated question, it may be quite plausible to think that a hierarchically organized porosity attained by acidpolishing, producing an oxide layer as thin as 10 nm [8,9,30] and a surface roughness of 0.1 m to several m [8,9] may thus provide an adequate lacuna-like porous surface for the bone cells.…”