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Immunity occupies the top priority in aquaculture. Great efforts have been made to study fish immunity, but little is known about the immunity of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus despite of its importance. We evaluated the effect of different doses (0, 1, 10 and 100 µg/kg body weight) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of non‐specific immune response genes (interleukin (il) 1β, il8, il10 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnfα)) in the liver, as well as its effect on the fractionation of serum protein in juvenile grey mullet along different times and concentrations. Analysis revealed that LPS initially caused an upregulation in the studied cytokines. After that, transcripts levels were switched sequentially between downregulation and upregulation, ending with an upregulation at 1 week post injection in il8, il10 and tnfα. Regarding il1β, its initial upregulation was followed by gradual decreases, which reached a marked downregulation at 1 week post injection. Protein fractionation exhibited many changes among doses and time. Nine fractions were discernable in protein electrophoresis of serum in all doses. The most pronounced changes were detected in fractions 7–9 (generally refer to γ globulins or immunoglobulins) using densitometric analysis. In addition, LPS suggested to modulate the levels of serum transferrin. It is known that LPS is a component of the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria, and this study sheds light on the molecular fitness mechanisms against bacterial infection, which could help in developing a strategy to improve resistance to bacterial diseases, or possibly to enhance immune response in grey mullet.

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Total of one-hundred 1-day old broiler chicks were used for 21-days experimental period. Chicks were divided into 5-groups.G1; no treatment (control negative), G2; was inoculated with 0.1ml of (1×10 8 ) Salmonella entertidis (S. entertidis) at first day of age via crop gavage and kept as positive control., G3; was inoculated with 0.1ml of (1×10 8 ) S. entertidis at 1 st day of age via crop gavage and was treated with grapefruit peels extract 0.5mg/mL orally in drinking water from the second day till the seventh day of age., G4; was inoculated with 0.1ml of (1×10 8 ) S.entertidis at 1 st day of age via crop gavage and was treated with Panflor ® 1ml/L orally in drinking water from the second day till the seventh day of age.G5; was inoculated with 0.1 ml of (1×10 8 ) S. entertidis at 1 st day of age via crop gavage and was treated with a combination of grapefruit peels extract 0.5mg/ml and Panflor ® 1ml/L orally in drinking water from the second day till the seventh day of age. The growth performance was estimated. Serum samples were collected from each group at 10 th and 21 days of age for estimation of (ALT, AST, GGT, Urea, Creatinine and Lipase). The results showed that the treatment with grapefruit peels extract and/or antibiotic in groups 3, 4 and5 showed a substantial decrease in (ALT, AST, GGT and lipase activity) with the lower serum urea and creatinine concentrations compared to group 2 at 10 th and 21 days. It was concluded that grapefruit peels extract can be used in control S. entertidis in chicken.