The present investigation was carried out using 51 diverse bitter gourd accessions as material for studying genetic diversity and relatedness using morphological and SSR markers. A wide variation was observed for morphological traits like the number of days to the first female flower anthesis (37.33–60.67), the number of days to the first fruit harvest (47.67–72.00), the number of fruits/plant (12.00–46.67), fruit length (5.00–22.23 cm), fruit diameter (1.05–6.38 cm), average fruit weight (20.71–77.67 g) and yield per plant (513.3–1976 g). Cluster analysis for 10 quantitative traits grouped the 51 accessions into 6 clusters. Out of 61 SSR primers screened, 30 were polymorphic and highly informative as a means to differentiate these accessions. Based on genotyping, a high level of genetic diversity was observed, with a total of 99 alleles. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.038 for marker BG_SSR-8 to 0.721 for S-24, with an average of 0.429. The numbers of alleles ranged from 2 to 5, with an average of 3.3 alleles per locus. Gene diversity ranged from 0.04 for BG_SSR-8 to 0.76 for S-24, showing a wide variation among 51 accessions. The UPGMA cluster analysis grouped these accessions into 3 major clusters. Cluster I comprised 4 small, fruited accessions that are commercially cultivated in central and eastern India. Cluster II comprised 35 medium- to long-sized fruited accessions, which made up an abundant and diverse group. Cluster III comprised 11 long and extra-long fruited accessions. The polymorphic SSR markers of the study will be highly useful in genetic fingerprinting and mapping, and for association analysis in Momordica regarding several economic traits.

Three genotypes of wheat developede for saltetoleranceethroughe plant breeding program and two local cultivars were screened for genetic variation under salinity conditions through RAPD and ISSR markers. Eight selected primers (OP1-06, OPE-16, OPN-07, OPO-17, OPD-20, OPL-05, OPI-01 and OPJ-13) were used in randomeamplifiede polymorphic eDNA (RAPD-PCR reaction) and three selected primers (UBC 809, UBC 810 and UBC 811) were used in ISSR markers. According to the results of the amplification and ISSR markers, the genetic distance and dendogram illustratedegeneticefingerprint and relationshipsebetweeneselected genotypes and local cultivars were determinant. Results revealed that there are genetics differences between the selected genotypes and the local cultivars in some specific segment at different size (bp) with all primers which used in this study, except the result of the primer (OPE-16) showed that there are no bands appeared in all selected genotypes and local cultivars. Other results of RAPD markers showed that there are differences among the selected genotypes in their banding patterns only with primers (OP1-06, OPN-07 and OPO-17) at different size. The results of ISSR markers showed differences that there are also differences between the selected genotypes and local cultivars in specific segment with the three primers which used, the selected genotypes were similar in banding patterns with UBC 809 and UBC 811primers. Genetically, the results showed that all the selected genotypes and local cultivars differed in their genetic distance, variations among the selected genotypes in their genetic distance. In conclusion the selected genotypes (salt tolerant) genetically differed from the local cultivars (salt sensitive).

The purpose of this study was to isolate the Saccharomyces cerevisiae present on different fruits and performing RAPD and ISSR analyses to know the genetic interrelationship between different S. cerevisiae isolates. Some fruits namely apple, plum, dates, and peach were used as natural sources for S. cerevisiae isolation. The isolated S. cerevisiae was designated as SUC1, SUC2, SUC3, SUC4, SUC5 respectively. Amplicon fingerprints for the isolated species were obtained by RAPD assay using six different primers and ISSR assay using six different primers. RAPD assay showed the lowest genetic distance (0.1559) between SUC2 and SUC3 isolates whereas ISSR assay showed the lowest genetic distance (0.06899) between SUC4 and SUC5 isolates.  Both genetic markers showed the highest genetic distance for SUC1 when compared to the other isolates.

This study was conducted with the target of determine the role of OsHKT4 and OsHKT6 genes in rice plants under salt stress and observe its gene expression by GUS technology, as well as studying the Na+ and K+ accumulation in different tissues. The results obtained show that OsHKT4::GUS appeared strong GUS activity, expressed mainly in vascular tissues. In contrast, the GUS activity of the OsHKT6 promoters in NaCl-treated leaves was greater than that in water-treated leaves. Also in wild type plants, increasing the Na+ concentration has the effect of increasing the Na+ content of the tissues generally, the old leaves accumulating more Na+ which reduced the K+ content in roots and old leaves (Na+ levels are higher in the leaf lower parts). These results suggest that OsHKT4 and OsHKT6 genes plays a role in the accumulation of Na+ in old leaves, by adopting the mechanical exclusion of toxic ions in the old leaves of the plant.

TaGSK1 gene was shown to be differentially expressed in salt tolerant wheat plants. This study was conducted to reveal the expression of this gene in four selected wheat cultivated in Iraq. Two wheat cultivars (Dijila and Furat) and one genotype (2H) were grown in three salt levels, 0, 15, 25 ds/m. Meanwhile, cultivar (Tamooze 2) was grown only at zero level salt. Total RNA of the four plants was isolated, cDNA was synthesyzed and PCR amplification was tried. The results showed that a fragment of 189 bp was amplified in the selected salt tolerant wheat but not amplified in control one. In addition, TaGSK1 gene was induced in salt tolerant wheat only and its expression level increased with increasing salt concentration as determined by SYBR green real time PCR. These results indicated the suitablility of TaGSK1 gene as salttolerance marker in wheat under study.