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The subsidiarity principle in conducting local governance system in desa (village) has been adopted by Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Desa. The law recognizes that Desa has the scale of local authorities and decisions to fully realize the villagers interests. However, in the situation of covid-19 pandemic concerns, Indonesian national government has been striving to prevent and overcome the pandemic and also enacted the emergency policies including economic and legal policies. In addition, for local governments including village must create and re-arrange the prioritized programs to be done effectively. This article examines the capacity of local government of Desa Pakam, Batu Bara, North Sumatra in conducting human rights-based approach to development (HRBA) during the pandemic. This article uses the legal research method and adopts normative juridical approach. Collecting data is gained by the secondary data, namely regulations, textbooks and journals. Beside it, data also obtained by interview with focused group discussion in the field. By using a conceptual framework of HRBA, this article analyses on the strategical ways in the implementation of the prioritized programs related to strengthen the resilience of villagers especially for disadvantage and vulnerable groups who are fully affected by pandemic. Actually, HRBA could improve the resilience for villagers and make comprehensive social protection according to human rights standards and mechanisms.

Undang-Undang No. 12 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional dan Undang-Undang No. 12 tentang Pendidikan Tinggi menetapkan empat mata kuliah wajib nasional, yakni mata kuliah Agama, Bahasa Indonesia, Pancasila, dan PKn wajib diajarkan kepada mahasiswa di seluruh Indonesia. Mata kuliah PKn diyakini mampu meningkatkan kesadaran yang tinggi terhadap identitas nasional dan memiliki jiwa patriot terhadap tanah air. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan pendekatan analisis normatif tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan hak asasi manusia dan kewarganegaran demokratis melalui kurikulum PKn. Kesimpulannya, perbaikan dan penguatan kurikulum PKn harus dilakukan secara sistematis dan berkesinambungan dengan berpijak pada paradigma membangun kecerdasan hak asasi manusia. Pergeseran paradigma kurikulum PKn wajib dievaluasi dan dilekatkan dengan upaya-upaya kecerdasan hak asasi manusia dalam peningkatan kehidupan kewaraganegaraan demokratis khususnya bagi mahasiswa sebagai warga negara muda Indonesia.

ABSTRACT ABSTRACTIndonesia is no longer an authoritarian country, and no longer centralized government. Decentralization processes since 1999 has changed local democratization in a wider participation. Nevertheless, the culture of openness and incorrupt have been far from the more ideal situation. Bribery, corruption and unresponsive public services have been continuously and more systematic taking place. In that context, the Government of Indonesia enacted Law No. 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Openness (KeterbukaanInformasiPublik or called PIO Law), which is implemented since 30 April 2010. The PIO law is believed to contribute to the better decentralization processes and economic-political democratization at local level. Nevertheless, although right to access information was guaranteed by law, but it has been applied in limited process. Such situation actually gives clear evidence that decentralized Indonesia should be questioned, especially in terms of how the right to access information has been applied in a meaningful way after the enactment PIO Law in 2008 and, what the dominant problems in implementing right to access information are. This article will elaborate the norms and practices of PIO Law by using the rule of law point of view. Keywords: Right to Access Information, Decentralization, Rule Of Law And Human Rights ABSTRAK ABSTRAK ABSTRAK ABSTRAK ABSTRAK Indonesia sudah tidak menjadi negara yang otoriter lagi, dan pemerintahannya tidak lagi terpusat. Proses desentralisasi sejak 1999 telah merubah demokratisasi lokal kedalam partisipasi yang lebih luas.Namun demikian,

This article analyzes the emergence and development of the National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP) or Rencana Aksi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (Ranham) during Indonesian Reform era, 1998-2020. Ranham is recognized as a national strategic policy document that describes and explains; 1) how the state incorporates human rights principles and norms into its policies, and 2) how to measure its remarkable achievements. All Indonesian governments have adopted and implemented Ranham, which was enacted by Presidential Regulations during five phases in the two decades of the Reform era. Ranham was derived and mandated by the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action (VDPA) 1993. Up until recently, more than 70 states have formulated the Ranham, including Indonesia. This article discovers that the policy of Ranham during the Reform era reflects the national commitment to the human rights agenda. However, the lack of the conceptualization of human rights still impedes the development and reinforcement of the national human rights system.