Background: Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) is an Indonesian plant that grows wild and is used as traditional medicine. Beluntas leaves are reported to contain phenolic, and flavonoid is a part of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds other than flavonoids include 1,3,4,5-tetra-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid. Flavonoid compounds in beluntas leaves are quercetin, apigenin, luteolin and chrysoeriol. Methanol solvents are reported to be able to extract higher polyphenol and flavonoid contents than other solvents. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of 20%, 50% and 75% solvent concentration of methanol on total phenol and total flavonoid levels of beluntas leaf extract. Methods: In this study, the extraction process was carried out by maceration, the determination of total phenol content was carried out by the Follin-Ciocalteu method. Determination of total flavonoid levels was carried out by the Colorimetric method. Data on phenol and flavonoid levels were analyzed statistically. Results: The yield of beluntas leaf extract in this study was respectively from the lowest methanol concentration of 24.094% w/w, 31.126% w/w, 24.838% w/w. The value of total phenol levels increased with increasing methanol concentration, namely 124.84 mg GAE/g, 138.3 mg GAE/g, and 147.91 mg GAE/g. The highest total flavonoid value in 75% methanol extract is 69.72 mg QE/g, followed by 20% methanol extract at 46.29 mg QE/g and the lowest is found in 50% methanol extract at 32.80 mg QE/g. The results of statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the value of total phenol levels and total flavonoids of the three extracts. Conclusion: The difference in the concentration of methanol solvents affects the value of total phenol levels and total flavonoids with the highest value produced by a 75% methanol solvent. Keywords: Beluntas Leaves (Pluchea indica L.), Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, Gallic Acid, Quercetin.

Context: Aging is closely related to reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS increases the collagenase enzyme (MMP-1) levels and collagen degradation that causes skin wrinkling. Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) containing brazilin and brazilein has been shown to have photoprotective and antioxidant properties. Aims: To evaluate the activity of C. sappan nanoemulgel as antiaging agent against the target protein, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 by in silico assay and using in vivo assay through MMP-1 and collagen expression parameter. Methods: C. sappan nanoemulgel was made by mixing the gel base with C. sappan nanoemulsion from heartwood extract. The C. sappan nanoemulsion was formulated using the Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System method. In vivo testing was conducted with a post-test-only control group design and used male Wistar rats. MMP-1 expression was examined using immunohistochemical techniques, and the amount of dermal collagen was observed with Picro Sirius Red staining. In silico assay using a computational method with Autodock 4.2 program. Results: C. sappan nanoemulgel concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, and 0.25% obstruct the expression of MMP-1 and collagen degradation. The bond energy value to MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 were -8.04, -10.40, and -8.70 kcal/mol (for brazilin); -8.82; -10.99, and -8.51 kcal/mol (for brazilein). Conclusions: Nanoemulgel containing C. sappan nanoemulsion has a potential activity as an antiaging agent by repressing MMP-1 expression and dermal collagen degradation. C. sappan nanoemulgel 0.25% showed the best result as antiaging. Brazilin and brazilein from C. sappan inhibit the MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 by in silico assay.

The TLC profiles of intra- and inter-day precision for Piper betle L. (PBL) folium methanol extract was studied for their peak marker recognition and identification. The Numerical chromatographic parameters (NCPs) of the peak markers, the hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and the principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to authenticate the PBL. folium extract from other Piper species folium extract and to ensure the antifungal activity quality of the PBL essential oil. The spotted extract was developed with the mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate; 93:7, (v/v). The eluted plate was viewed with the TLC-Visualizer, scanned under absorption and fluorescent mode detection, and on each sample the in-situ UV spectra were recorded between 190 to 400 nm.The NCPs profiles of intra- and inter-day precision results offered multi-dimensional chromatogram fingerprints for better marker peak pattern recognition and identification. Using the r-value fingerprints data series generated with this method allowed more precise discrimination the PBL. from other Piper species compared to the marker peak area fingerprint method. The cosine pair comparison was a simple method for authentication of two different fingerprints. The ward linkage clustering and the pair cross-correlation comparison were better chemometric methods to determine the consistency peak area ratio between fingerprints. The first component PCA-loading values of peak marker area fingerprints were correlated linearly to both the bio-marker concentration as well as the antifungal activity. This relationship could be used to control the quality and pharmacological potency. This simple method was developed for the authentication and quantification of herbal medicine.

Propionibacterium acnes adalah bakteri anaerob gram positif yang merupakan bakteri paling dominan pada lesi jerawat. Minyak atsiri telah dibuktikan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri gram positif maupun bakteri gram negatif. Selain bunga cengkeh, minyak atsiri juga dapat diperoleh dari bagian tangkai bunga dan daun dari tanaman cengkeh. Oleh karena pemanfaatan bunga cengkeh masih terhitung mahal, maka pada penelitian ini peneliti ingin melihat potensi aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri dari tangkai bunga dan daun cengkeh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri dari bagian bunga, tangkai bunga dan daun cengkeh terhadap bakteri P.acnes. Minyak atsiri dari bunga, tangkai bunga dan daun diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode destilasi air. Konsentrasi larutan uji yang digunakan 200 ?l/mL dengan metode uji difusi disk, kontrol negatif etanol 96% v/v, kontrol positif doksisiklin 30?g/disk, media uji MHA, dan suspensi bakteri P. acnes sebesar 0,5 McFarland. Aktivitas antibakteri ditentukan berdasarkan diameter zona hambat yaitu daerah bening diantara latar keruh setelah diinkubasi selama 24 jam. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis deksriptif untuk melihat klasifikasi respon hambatan berdasarkan NCCLS dan analisis statistik menggunakan ANOVA one way. Aktivitas  antibakteri minyak atsiri bunga, tangkai bunga dan daun cengkeh terhadap bakteri P. acnes berbeda signifikan secara statistik dengan taraf kepercayaan >95%. Minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh menghasilkan aktivitas antibakteri terbesar yaitu 25,85 mm - 26,75 mm sedangkan minyak atsiri tangkai bunga menghasilkan aktivitas dengan zona hambat 20,60 mm - 21,20 mm  dan minyak atsiri daun cengkeh menghasilkan zona hambat sebesar 18,04 mm - 18,58 mm.  Hal ini membuktikan bahwa minyak atsiri dari bunga cengkeh memiliki aktivitas yang paling baik terhadap P.acnes s dibandingkan dengan minyak atsiri dari tangkai bunga dan daun cengkeh. Dengan demikian, minyak atsiri dari tangkai bunga dan daun cengkeh belum sebanding dengan yang berasal dari bunga cengkeh apabila dimanfaatkan sebagai anti bakteri P. Acnes.

Propionibacterium acnes merupakan bakteri utama penyebab jerawat, dimana dilaporkan dalam suatu penelitian bahwa persentase ditemukannya bakteri P. acnes pada lesi jerawat sebesar 78,8%. Daun sirih hijau telah banyak dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri. Kemampuan antibakteri daun sirih hijau disebabkan karena adanya senyawa golongan fenol yang terdiri dari kavikol, hydroxychavicol, chavibetol, estragol, eugenol, carvacrol dan golongan senyawa seskuiterpen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui metode optimum yang menghasilkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri P. acnes dari enam fraksi yang diperoleh. Metode purifikasi yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan ke-6 fraksi tersebut adalah LLE dengan penggunaan pelarut polar etanol-air yang tidak bercampur dengan pelarut heksan, kloroform dan dietileter. Ke-6 fraksi uji tersebut selanjutnya diuji aktivitas antibakterinya dengan metode difusi disk dan dilanjutkan dengan metode tambahan yaitu KLT bioautografi kontak. Analisis data yang dilakukan secara deskriptif terhadap nilai diameter zona hambat dengan mengkategorikannya berdasarkan CLSI dan terhadap hasil skrining fitokimia. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh hanya dua fraksi yaitu fraksi n-heksan dan fraksi dietileter yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri P. acnes dengan nilai diameter zona hambat sebesar 8 mm dan 9 mm. Metode purifikasi ekstrak daun sirih hijau yang merupakan gabungan metode maserasi dan LLE yang dilakukan belum optimal karena dilihat dari 6 fraksi yaitu fraksi etanol-air (FEA I), etanol-air (FEA II), etanol-air (FEA III), kloroform, dietil eter dan fraksi n- belum mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri P. acnes dimana ke-6 fraksi tersebut termasuk dalam kategori resistant.