Responding by exclusion in matching-to-sample tasks is a robust behavioral pattern in humans. A single selection, however, does not ensure learning of the arbitrary relationship between the sample and the selected comparison stimulus. The present study aimed to investigate the amount of exposure required until eight preschoolers were able to name two undefined pictures, matched by exclusion, to two undefined words. After establishing a matching-to-sample baseline between pictures and dictated words, two new words were introduced in exclusion probes. On each probe, a new word was dictated and the matrix of comparison stimuli included a new picture and two experimentally defined pictures. Naming emerged after three to10 exclusion trials. Correct naming tended to occur more reliably when the teaching phase established stimulus control by selection.
When the matching-to-sample (MTS) procedure is used, different training structures imply differences in the successive discriminations required in training and test conditions. When the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli is used, however, differences in training structures do not imply such differences. This study assessed whether the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli with different training structures would produce significant variations in emergent performances. Fourteen undergraduate students were divided into two training groups: OTM and MTO (one-to-many and many-to-one). During training, responses emitted in the presence of compounds defined as related were reinforced. Responses emitted in the presence of compounds defined as not-related were not. During tests, new compounds structurally emulated MTS equivalence tests. All participants finished training with comparable number of sessions and 13 of 14 showed emergent performances. These results suggest that differences in equivalence-test outcomes with OTM and MTO training structures in MTS procedures may be due to their different successive discrimination requirements.
RESUMO: estudos sobre as interações familiares de crianças com Síndrome de Down (SD) são escassos e enfatizam, quase exclusivamente, interações da mãe com a criança, apesar de a literatura ressaltar a importância de se incluir vários subsistemas familiares para um entendimento mais amplo da dinâmica familiar. Adicionalmente, são diversos os fatores que podem alterar a dinâmica de funcionamento da família e a qualidade das interações entre seus membros ao se considerar o impacto gerado pela chegada de um membro com deficiência na família. Diante disso, esta pesquisa teve como objetivos: descrever os padrões da interação entre uma criança com SD e seus familiares (pai, mãe, avó materna, irmã) em função dos subsistemas diádicos, triádicos e poliádicos; e caracterizar alguns fatores que possivelmente têm influência sobre os padrões de interação: nível socioeconômico, níveis de estresse, rede de apoio e ajustamento marital. Foram utilizados instrumentos de relato e realizadas sessões de observação das interações entre os familiares em situações de livre escolha. Os resultados indicam que membros da família são as principais fontes de apoio social, os familiares possuem baixos índices de stress e um bom ajustamento marital. As interações ocorreram predominantemente em 'Grupo', com 'Amistosidade', 'Sincronia' e 'Supervisão', sendo a maior parte das atividades 'Lúdicas', seguidas por 'Conversar'. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Educação especial. Síndrome de Down. Ambiente familiar. Familia e educação ABSTRACT: Research on family interactions of children with Down syndrome are rare and highlight almost exclusively the mother-child interaction. However, the literature indicates that it is necessary to include various family subsystems in order to understand the families' dynamic more fully. Additionally, factors that can alter the family's dynamic are quite diverse considering the impact generated by a disabled child. This study aimed to describe interaction patterns between a child with Down syndrome and his or her family members (father, mother, maternal grandmother, sister) considering subsystems with two, three or more than three members; and to characterize factors that can exert impact upon interaction patterns: socioeconomic level, stress levels, support network, marital adjustment. Several instruments were used to register the reports; direct observation sessions of family interaction in situations chosen by the participants were conducted. The results indicate that family members are the main sources of social support, and that the family members showed low stress levels and good marital adjustment. The interactions occurred mainly in the following categories: 'Group', 'Friendliness', 'Synchronicity' and 'Supervision'. The majority of the chosen activities came under the heading of 'Play', followed by 'Conversation'.
We evaluated emergent stimulus-stimulus relations after two different training procedures. Participants were five typically developing preschool children and three individuals with Down Syndrome. Experiment 1 used two-comparison matching to sample (MTS) to establish AB and BC relations. Experiment 2 used two-comparison and blank-comparison MTS, each on 50% of training trials to establish AB and BC relations. In both experiments, tests for emergent relations (AC, CA) were conducted to assess equivalence class formation. In Experiment 2 subsequently, class expansion was assessed after CD training. All participants showed positive equivalence test outcomes. Seven showed class expansion. After class formation tests in both studies, probe tests were conducted for select and reject relations in baseline relations. Initial results were somewhat variable, but became more consistent after class expansion.
Quando o MTS é utilizado para produzir classes de equivalência, a depender da estrutura de treino, discriminações simples requeridas no treino serão diferentes daquelas requeridas nos testes. Alguns autores discutem que essas diferenças são responsáveis por diferentes desempenhos obtidos com diferentes estruturas. Um estudo com o procedimento Go/no-go com estímulos compostos, que apresenta as mesmas discriminações nos treinos e testes, forneceu subsídios a essa interpretação na medida em que revelou ausência de diferenças entre os desempenhos produzidos com estruturas diferentes. Entretanto, nesse estudo, cada grupo de participantes foi submetido a uma das estruturas constituindo um delineamento de grupo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se diferentes estruturas de treino, utilizando o procedimento Go/no-go com estímulos compostos, produziriam diferenças na aquisição e emergência de classes de equivalência submetendo cada participante às três diferentes estruturas de treino em cada uma das sessões. Dessa forma, os desempenhos do mesmo participante, obtidos com cada direcionalidade, poderão ser comparados. Participaram quatro universitários. Foram treinadas, simultaneamente, 24 relações entre estímulos (oito relações para cada estrutura de treino – MTO, OTM e LS). Durante o treino, respostas aos compostos “relacionados” (A1B1, A2B2, B1C1, B2C2, D1E1, D2E2, F1E1, F2E2, G1H1, G2H2, G1I1 e G2I2) foram reforçadas e respostas aos compostos “não-relacionados” (A1B2, A2B1, B1C2, B2C1, D1E2, D2E1, F1E2, F2E1, G1H2, G2H1, G1I2 e G2I1) não foram. Testes em extinção avaliaram a emergência de classes de equivalência. Todos os participantes apresentaram desempenhos consistentes com a formação de classes para todas as relações treinadas. Tais resultados sugerem que as diferenças nas discriminações simples requeridas nos treinos e testes são variáveis críticas quando diferentes estruturas de treino são utilizadas no procedimento MTS.Palavras-chave: Equivalência, estruturas de treino, go/no-go, estímulos compostos.
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