Flowering are influenced by internal factors, such as genetic and phytohormone, and environment factors, such as sunlight and nutrition intake. The flowering characteristics influence fruiting and genetic diversity seedlings through mating systems. This study aims to assess flowering and fruiting characteristics and to determine pattern of mating system of a Calophyllum inophyllum plantation at Watusipat, Gunung Kidul. Flowering and fruiting were observed at 4 locations, 3 parts of crown, and 4 main directions to know the effects of sunlight, nutrition intake and phytohormone in the flowering process. Mating system was assessed by comparing genetic diversity values between parent trees and offsprings. The values of genetic diversity were analyzed using 5 RAPD primers with 17 polymorphic loci. Analysis of variant showed that the locations, crown parts, directions and interaction between a location and direction significantly affected to differences number of flowers and fruits. Values of genetic diversity (h) of parent trees ranged between 0.1471 and 0.3056. The values increased at almost overall offsprings; it ranged between 0.2864 and 0.3750. Values of genetic distance (Da) between parent trees were high and very high (0.197 -0.364), but the values was decreased between parent trees and their offspring, even between offspring populations. A dendrogram showed two main clusters; first cluster consisted parent trees at up edge with rare trees and second cluster consisted sub cluster parent trees at up edge; sub cluster parent trees at down middle; and sub cluster parent trees at down edge and overall offsprings. Flowering/ fruiting characteristics and pattern of mating systems of C. inophyllum were briefly discussed. Key words : Flowering characteristic, genetic diversity, Calophyllum inophyllum, RAPD analysis ABSTRAK Proses pembungaan dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal seperti genetik dan fitohormon, dan faktor lingkungan, seperti intensitas cahaya matahari dan unsur hara. Karakteristik pembungaan tersebut mempengaruhi proses terbentuknya buah dan keragaman genetik benih yang dihasilkan melalui keberhasilan mating system. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik pembungaan/pembuahan dan untuk mengetahui sistem perkawinan di hutan tanaman Calophyllum inophyllum di Watusipat, Gunung Kidul. Jumlah bunga dan buah diamati di 4 lokasi sub plot, 3 bagian tajuk, dan 4 arah mata angin, untuk mengetahui pengaruh intensitas cahaya matahari, unsur hara dan fitohormon terhadap proses pembungaan/pembuahan. Sistem perkawinan pada nyamplung diduga dengan cara membandingkan nilai keragaman genetik antara kelompok pohon induk dan anakan. Analisis keragaman genetik dilakukan menggunakan 5 penanda RAPD yang terdiri dari 17 lokus polymorfik. Analisis sidik ragam menunjukkan bahwa lokasi, tajuk, arah mata angin dan interaksi antara lokasi dan arah mata angin secara nyata mempengaruhi jumlah bunga dan buah. Keragaman genetik (h) populasi pohon induk berkisar antara 0,1471 dan 0,3056. Nilai h meningkat hampir pa...

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAKMetode seleksi primer merupakan metode yang efektif untuk mengembangkan penanda mikrosatelit dari jenis yang mempunyai kekerabatan dekat dalam suatu sistem taksonomi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan penanda mikrosatelit pada jenis Shorea penghasil tengkawang yaitu Shorea gysbertiana, Shorea macrophylla, Shorea pinanga dan Shorea stenoptera menggunakan metode seleksi primer mikrosatelit dari Shorea curtisii. Contoh daun dari empat jenis Shorea dikumpulkan dari persemaian di Balai Besar Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Pemuliaan Tanaman hutan, Yogyakarta. Amplifikasi empat penanda mikrosatelit S. curtisii yaitu Shc-1, Shc-2, Shc-7 dan Shc-9 diuji pada empat jenis Shorea tersebut. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah allele merupakan allele bersama antar jenis Shorea yang diuji. Nilai heterozigositas harapan (H E ) per lokus beragam, pada lokus Shc-1 berkisar antara 0,594 dan 0,722; lokus Shc-2 berkisar antara 0,219 dan 0,611;lokus Shc-7 berkisar antara 0,594 dan 0,779; lokus Shc-9 berkisar antara 0,594 dan 0,844. Koefisien inbreeding (F IS ) mempunyai nilai rendah dan tidak nyata menyimpang dari hukum keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg pada hampir semua lokus kecuali lokus Shc-1 pada S. pinanga. Dendrogram membentuk dua kelompok: S. gysbertsiana dan S. macrophylla membentuk satu kelompok, sedangkan S. stenoptera dan S. pinanga membentuk satu kelompok yang lain. Penanda mikrosatelit yang telah dikembangkan dapat digunakan untuk studi genetik populasi dan sistem perkawinan pada jenis Shorea yang diuji.

Calliandra calothyrsus was introduced to Indonesia from Guatemala in 1930s and had been planted widely throughout Indonesia for fuel wood. Genetic diversity within and among population is an important factor for initiating breeding program. Aim in this study was to evaluate genetic structure of C. calothyrsus in Indonesia, to obtain a better understanding of the history of the distribution and efficiency of breeding strategy of this species. Leaf samples were collected in a seedling seed orchard plot from 10 populations. Six RAPD markers consisted of 34 loci were used to analyze genetic diversity and genetic structure. The results showed that genetic diversity was in low to moderate level (mean HE= 0.321). The AMOVA analysis showed that genetic differentiation among geographical sources was significant, also among populations within geographical sources and among individual within populations as well. It was revealed that the 10 populations originated from only two ancestors. The limited number of ancestors resulted low to moderate genetic distances among populations (mean Da=0.070). In conclusion, C. calothyrsus has moderate genetic diversity within population and weak genetic structure among populations. Genetic diversity in population/individual level should be considered as a selection unit in the breeding strategies.

Kayu merah (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) which listed as one of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in the category Vulnerable (VU A1D) is naturally distributed throughout Indonesia included Java,