Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang potensi kitosan kulit udang Vannemei (Litopenaeus vannamei) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Staphylococccus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium agnes, dan Escherichia coli dengan metode difusi cakram kertas dengan tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui  potensi kitosan kulit udang Vannemei (Litopenaeus vannamei)sebagai antibakteri dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococccus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium agnes, dan Escherichia coli  dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram kertas serta menentukan konsentrasi yang paling efektif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar menggunakan cakram kertas dan media Muller Hilton Agar. Tetrasiklin 30 bpj sebagai kontrol positif dan Asam Asetat 1% v/v sebagai kontrol negatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kitosan kulit udang Vannemei (Litopenaeus vannamei) memiliki potensi sebagai antibakteri dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococccus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Propionibacterium agnes, dan Escherichia coli. Konsentrasi yang paling efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri tersebut yaitu pada konsentrasi kitosan 7% b/v. Berdasarkan Analisis Varians (ANAVA) menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna antar perlakuan 1% b/v, 3% b/v, 5% b/v dan 7% b/v dan kontrol positif (Tetrasiklin) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri pada taraf P= 0,000 < 0,05

Penyakit degeneratif seperti kanker, penuaian dini dan jantung dapat disebabkan oleh adanya radikal bebas. Radikal bebas memiliki satu rantai yang tidak memiliki pasangan electron sehingga sangat reaktif untuk mencari pasangan electron pada sel yang normal. Ikatan ini dapat menganggu sinyal sel sehingga terjadilah kerusakan sel pada sel normal. Radikal bebas dapat ditangkal dengan adanya bahan antioksidan. Melihat kandungan polifenol dan flavonoid pada propolis pada penelitian sebelumnya, maka ditelitilah aktivitas antioksidan dari propolis ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan besarnya aktivitas ekstrak etanol propolis berdasarkan dari nilai IC50 (Inhibition Consentrasi) menggunakan metode DPPH. Ekstrak etanol propolis dibuat dalam konsentrasi 400 µg/ml, 800 µg/ml, 1200 µg/ml, 1400 µg/ml, 1600 µg/ml, 1800 µg/ml dan 2000 µg/ml sedangkan vitamin C dibuat dalam konsentrasi 10 µg/ml, 20 µg/ml, 30 µg/ml, 40 µg/ml, dan 50 µg/ml. Masing-masing seri ditambahkan DPPH 40 µg/ml dan diinkubasi selama 30 menit. Sampel diukur pada spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 516 nm. Nilai IC50 yang diperoleh adalah 1216.66 µg/ml dan nilai IC50 Vitamin C adalah 13.7658 µg/ml. Dari hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol propolis termasuk dalam kategori tidak aktif dibandingkan dengan vitamin C. Kata Kunci : Antioksidan, IC50 , Ekstrak Etanol Propolis, DPPH, Vitamin C

Data shows that the success of the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse program(DOTS) in South Sulawesi Province was 74.8%. Causes of failure include standard drug side effects, length of treatment period and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) bacterial resistance. The development of new drugs today in addition to synthetic chemical drugs are also natural materials that have the potential as antituberculosis with various mechanisms. The aim of the research is to prove the potential of plants used by the community as tuberculosis drugs empirically based on phytochemical screening extracts, M.tb sensitivity to extracts and determine the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MKC (Minimum Killing Concentration) values of M.tb. Selection of plant test materials based on survey results and Riskesdas data in 2015.Testing the potential of plant extracts based on the sensitivity of M.tb to the test material in vitro with an incubation period of 7 weeks. Showed 25 plants that have been used empirically as tuberculosis drugs proved to be potential antibacterial M.tb. Phytochemical screening produces flavonoids and tannins in all extracts. Some extracts contain alkaloids, saponins and steroids. Potential tests show that the extract concentration that is effectively used as a tuberculosis drug is: Meniran leaves and miana 100 ppm. Banana peel and basil leaves 125 ppm. 150 ppm bangle rhizome. Turmeric rhizome 175 ppm. Roselle flowers, soursop leaves and lime 200 ppm. Sandalwood, bitter melon leaves and binahong 225 ppm, Curcuma rhizome, kencur, turmeric and onion tubers, gotu kola leaves, sea lava and papaya 275 ppm. Ginger rhizome, brotowali stem, noni leaf, cloves and mangosteen peel > 275 ppm. 90% garlic bulb extract.

Research has been conducted on the treatment of phlegm cough with miana leaf extract in vitro (effective dose of miana leaf extract as an expectorant and antibacterial agent causing cough with phlegm). The study aims to compare the antioxidant activity of miana leaves from 3 locations where it grows, determine the types of contaminant bacteria in the sputum of cough sufferers, determine the minimum value of inhibitor concentration (MIC) and MKC of miana leaves against the test bacteria causing cough with phlegm, determine the effective dose of miana leaves that can used as a reference for coughing up phlegm and proving the potential of miana leaves as a sputum thinner. Miana leaf extraction is done by the juicer method. Antioxidant activity testing uses the DPPH method. Determination of test bacteria is done by isolating and identifying contaminant bacteria in the sputum sample of cough with phlegm. Testing the effectiveness of miana leaves against test bacteria is determined by the liquid dilution method. Expectorant activity testing was determined by measuring the viscosity of mucus viscosity of cow intestine treated with miana leaf extract. The results found that antioxidant activity was influenced by the location where miana leaves grew with an antioxidant potential of IC72 0.072 mg/ml - 0.76 mg/ml. Contaminant bacteria from sputum samples of cough patients are Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterobacter agglomerans. MIC values for contaminant bacteria are 0.1% - 0.75% and MKC values are found between 0.25% - 1.75%. miana leaf extract has the potential as a sputum thinner at a concentration of 0.01% - 0.1%. The recommended dose of miana leaf extract as a cough with phlegm is 1.75% w/v.

Background: A medication error is defined as "any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer." A medication error might occur at any point during the medication-use process, such as when prescribing the medicines, during dispensing, and when the drug is taken by the patient. Objectives: This review focusing on the types of medication errors (MEs) which commonly occurs during prescribing and dispensing phase on the outpatient in Indonesia. Material and Methods: Articles related to MEs during prescribing and dispensing phase were collected from DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) and google scholar. The articles were reviewed and analyze to draw conclusions about the common type of MEs mostly occured on the outpatients Results: There were 10 articles (2003-2020) that have been reviewed, covering the types of MEs, MEs incidents and how to reduce the number of MEs incident. Conclusions: Based on the reviewed articles, MEs commonly occured in the prescribing phase were; incomplete data of patient's on the prescription include address, born date, weight and gender; unclear information on the prescription including, dosage, route of adminstration, illegible writing; uncomplete data on the doctor's information such as the practise license number wasn't listed, and there were no information on medicine interactions. MEs occured during dispensing phase that were uncomplete data on the information about how to use, time of using, indication, the amount of the drug given, the side effects, the storage instruction, the strength or the doses of medicine, error in writing etiquette, error in compounding as well as there was no information related what to do if the patient forgot to take the medicines.