The most popular fly ash application as coal combustion energy waste is as a mixing agent for cemented infrastructure and building construction. However, due to its appropriate various mineral content from vegetation fossil, the usage for fertilizer and soil amelioration agent was tested in small pots on the field. The experiment’s purpose was to confirm the effectiveness of fly ash granule application using tapioca flour and sugar cane molasses as granule agents for soil ameliorant and fertilizer. Specifically, for the sorghum growth, development, and potential bioethanol yield harvested in the vegetative stage. The granule binding agents’ source is from an agricultural product, byproduct, or agricultural waste. Hence, environmental management and the fly ash granules’ production system exhibit the advantage of a sustainable production system. The concentration of 10% of the granule binding agents concentration for the application at a rate of 8 tons ha−1 was effective enough to improve the soil properties, plant growth, and the doubling of potential bioethanol yield.

Teknologi membran dalam pengolahan limbah cair industri (Review)

EKSTRAKSI ANTIOKSIDAN Spirulina sp. DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE ULTRASONIKASI DAN APLIKASINYA UNTUK KRIM KOSMETIK. Spirulina mengandung bahan aktif sebagai antioksidan, yang dapat digunakan untuk industri farmasi, kosmetik dan pangan. Antioksidan dapat dihasilkan dari proses ekstraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi Spirulina sp untuk mendapatkan antioksidan dengan menggunakan metoda ultrasonikasi serta mengaplikasikannya pada krim kosmetik. Tahapan metode penelitian ini adalah: Ekstraksi dengan ultrasonikasi, menggunakan variabel waktu sonikasi selama 15 menit, 30 menit dan 45 menit; variable pelarut yaitu air dan etanol; identifikasi jenis antioksidan; analisis kandungan senyawa antioksidan dan pembuatan sediaan krim kosmetik. Variable pada pembuatan krim yaitu kadar ekstrak 0,1% dan 0,2%; serta waktu sonikasi selama 15 menit dan 30 menit. Pada proses ekstraksi Spirulina, waktu sonikasi yang menghasilkan antioksidan optimum adalah 15 menit, dengan kandungan antioksidan sebesar 452,87 µM, aktivitas antioksidan sebesar 70,27%, kandungan beta-karoten sebesar 15,98 mg/kg dan rendemen sebesar 37,15%. Aplikasi pada krim kosmetik optimum pada kondisi sonikasi 15 menit dan kadar ekstrak 0,2% dengan karakteristik krim yaitu kadar beta-karoten 4,85 mg/kg; kandungan antioksidan 16,83 µM; stabil selama penyimpanan dan cycling test; berwarna kuning, tidak berbau, tekstur halus, dan homogen; pH 7; serta cemaran mikroorganisme di bawah ambang batas sehingga aman digunakan. Hasil ekstraksi Spirulina yaitu beta-karoten dapat diekstraksi dengan air dan dapat diaplikasikan pada krim kosmetik sebagai sumber antioksidan.

Chlorella vulgaris is microalgae that contain chlorophyll as antioxidants, which has been widely used as a functional food. Antioxidants from Chlorella vulgaris also have potential as active ingredients in the cosmetics industry. Nowadays, consumers prefer natural cosmetics because they aren’t harmful to the skin. This study aimed to obtain chlorophyll antioxidants from Chlorella vulgaris and applied it to the cosmetics. The extraction process of antioxidants from Chlorella vulgaris was performed by maceration method, with Chlorella vulgaris concentration variable: 0.01; 0.05 and 0.1% in water as solvent. The antioxidant extracts powdered by spray drying method, with addition of 100 g/L maltodextrin. The observation was conducted on the characteristics of water content, ash content, carbohydrate content, protein content, antioxidant activity, and powder morphology. The extracts powder applied to cosmetics in the form of creams and lotions, then characterized for the antioxidant activity and microbial content. The best antioxidant capacity of extract powder was obtained on Chlorella vulgaris concentration 0.1%, which was 11.83 mg Vit C per 100 g sample. The results of antioxidant capacity in cosmetics as cream and lotion were 4.95 mg Vit. C per 100 g sample (IC50 719.75 mg/ml) and 4.73 mg Vit. C per 100 g sample (IC50 660 mg/ml), respectively. Both of cream and lotion weren’t shown any microbial contamination. Based on this study, Chlorella vulgaris with its antioxidant capacity can be developed as active ingredients for various kinds of cosmetics.

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