Uptake and metabolism of a particulate form of ascorbic acid by Artemia nauplii and juveniles

Abstract

A study was conducted to establish whether a particulate form of ascorbic acid (AA), ascorbyl‐2‐phosphate (A2P), could be used to enrich Artemia. In the first experiment, we examined the efficiency of A2P conversion to and maintenance of AA by juvenile Artemia (1.5 mm, 5‐day‐old) held at 9000 L−1 and 28 °C for 24 h. Maximal uptake and assimilation was >10 000 μg AA g−1 dry weight (dw) (representing >1%Artemia dw) at enrichment rates of ≥1.2 g A2P L−1. In the second experiment, a similar biomass of instar II/III nauplii (1 mm, 2‐day‐old) and juvenile (2.5 mm, 8‐day‐old) Artemia were enriched for 6 or 24 h at 28 °C before starvation for 6 or 24 h at 18 or 28 °C. At 0 h and after 6 and 24 h enrichment, AA levels were 485, 3468 and 11 080 μg g−1 dw in nauplii and 122, 4286 and 12 470 μg g−1 dw in juveniles. When Artemia nauplii or juveniles were enriched for 6 h and starved for 6 h at 18 or 28 °C, there was no significant reduction in AA. Continuation of starvation to 24 h at 18 and 28 °C reduced the level of AA to 3367 and 2482 μg g−1 dw in nauplii and 3068 and 2286 μg g−1 dw in juveniles. After 24 h enrichment, 6 h of starvation at 18 and 28 °C reduced AA to 8847 and 7899 μg g−1 dw in nauplii and to 9053 and 8199 μg g−1 dw in juveniles. Continuation of starvation to 24 h at 18 and 28 °C further reduced AA levels in nauplii to 6977 and 4078 μg g−1 dw and to 7583 and 5114 μg g−1 dw in juveniles. This study demonstrated that A2P could be assimilated as AA in the body tissue of different‐sized Artemia in a dose‐dependant manner and AA was depleted during starvation depending on time and temperature.

THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C (L-ASCORBYL MONOPHOSPHATE-Mg) ON THE DEFORMITY PERFORMANCE OF HUMPBACK GROUPER (Cromileptes altivelis) LARVAE

“…This suggested that the best enrichment method of AMP-Mg in Artemia nauplii was achieved at a dose of 0.9 g/L for 6 h (P<0.05) and this result was used as the protocol for humpback grouper larval rearing. The result in the present study was different from that reported by Smith et al (2004). Their study showed that the maximum enrichment using ascorbyl-2-phosphate was attained at rates of 8 1.2 g/L for 24 h giving a 60-fold increase in Artemia nauplii AA levels.…”

Enrichment of Adult Artemia Biomass and Squid Mantle Muscle, Dosidicus gigas, with Different Ascorbic Acid (L‐Ascorbyl‐2‐Monophosphate‐Na/Ca) Concentrations

“…For Artemia , its gut contents were evacuated during the first 3 h at the highest concentrations (1000 and 1500 mg/kg AMP‐Na/Ca) and over a period of 3–6 h at the lowest concentration (500 mg/kg), which supports the findings of Smith et al (, , ) in juvenile Artemia 6 h after oil enrichment and fasting. The understanding of the rate of incorporation and loss of L‐AA and AMP‐Na/Ca in Artemia nauplii and metanauplii during both enrichment and the subsequent fasting has assisted in the development of feeding regimes that target crustaceans and fish (Evjemo et al ; Smith et al ).…”

“…In recent years, the rearing of new aquaculture species with specific life stage requirements has required diversifying the use of Artemia by including live juvenile and adults as well as frozen or freeze-dried AB (Lim et al 2002;Smith et al 2002Smith et al , 2004a. The ability of Artemia to metabolize and store specific biochemical substances (Sorgeloos et al 1998;Narciso et al 1999;Smith et al 2002) while suffering no obvious detrimental physiological effects enables their use as a vehicle for the delivery of chemotherapeutics, including L-AA.…”

Feeding juvenile Artemia enriched with ascorbic acid improves larval survival in the spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii

“…1980). It is possible to boost the AA concentration in juvenile Artemia to greater than 10 000 μ g g −1 dry weight (dw) within 24 h using an ascorbyl‐2‐phosphate (A2P) particulate enrichment (Smith et al . 2004).…”